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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: imprisonment, confinement, bondage • held in captivity; live/die in captivity; escape captivity; captivity of hostages/animals/mind; born in captivity • freq in AmE: 6/10 Captivity can cause psychological trauma. | 2. The hostages were held in captivity for months. sākt mācīties
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niewola, uwięzienie, przetrzymywanie (np. ludzi, zwierząt) the condition of being confined, imprisoned, or held against one’s will; often used for people, animals, or symbolic states of restriction Niewola może powodować traumę psychiczną. | 2. Zakładnicy byli przetrzymywani w niewoli przez wiele miesięcy.
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noun [C ] C2 • synonyms: predator, meat-eater • obligate/facultative carnivore; corporate carnivore; apex carnivore • freq in AmE: 6/10 Lions, wolves, and eagles are classic examples of carnivores. | 2. The startup world can be a carnivore’s playground—only the strongest survive. sākt mācīties
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an animal that feeds primarily or exclusively on the flesh of other animals; also used metaphorically for people or systems that are aggressively competitive or predatory Lwy, wilki i orły to klasyczne przykłady mięsożerców. | 2. Świat startupów to raj dla mięsożerców — przetrwają tylko najsilniejsi.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: suppression, control, restriction • media/art/self-censorship; strict/state/imposed censorship • freq in AmE: 7/10 Censorship of the press intensified during the conflict. | 2. Self-censorship can be just as damaging as external control. sākt mācīties
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the suppression or control of speech, writing, or other forms of expression that are considered objectionable, harmful, or inconvenient by authorities or institutions Cenzura prasy nasiliła się podczas konfliktu. | 2. Autocenzura może być równie szkodliwa jak zewnętrzna kontrola.
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noun [C ] C1 (film/photography) • synonyms: zoom-in, tight shot, detailed shot, magnified view • a close-up of someone/something; in close-up; take/show/use a close-up • freq in AmE: 9/10 The director used a close-up to capture the actor’s emotions. | 2. The movie’s dramatic close-ups made the scene unforgettable. sākt mācīties
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zbliżenie (filmowe lub fotograficzne); ujęcie z bliska a photograph or part of a film in which the camera shows a person or object very near to the viewer, revealing fine details or expressions Reżyser użył zbliżenia, aby uchwycić emocje aktora. | 2. Dramatyczne zbliżenia w filmie uczyniły tę scenę niezapomnianą.
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noun [C usually plural ] C1 • cobble = kamień; cobblestone = brukowiec • cobblestone street/path; loose cobble; river cobble • freq in AmE: cobble 4/10, cobblestone 5/10 She tripped on a loose cobble near the fountain. sākt mācīties
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kamień brukowy, brukowiec, bruk a naturally rounded stone used for paving streets, paths, or courtyards; “cobble” is the more general term, while “cobblestone” often refers to the finished paving material or the aesthetic/historic context Potknęła się o luźny kamień brukowy przy fontannie.
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noun [U ] C2 formal • synonyms: sympathy, condolence, compassion • offer/send/accept commiserations; heartfelt/deepest commiseration • freq in AmE: 3/10 She sent her commiserations after hearing about his loss. | 2. Messages of commiseration flooded in from friends and colleagues. sākt mācīties
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współczucie, wyrazy współczucia sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others; an expression of pity or compassion Przesłała mu wyrazy współczucia po tym, jak dowiedziała się o jego stracie. | 2. Zalew wiadomości pełnych współczucia od przyjaciół i współpracowników.
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noun [C ] C1 (also con man, con woman); (UK also confidence trickster) • synonyms: swindler, trickster, scammer • charming/ruthless con artist; pose as/expose/outsmart con artist • freq in AmE: 7/10 Some influencers are emotional con artists, selling curated illusions of perfection. sākt mācīties
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oszust, kanciarz, naciągacz a person who deceives others by gaining their trust and then cheating them, often through clever manipulation or charm; metaphorically, someone who fabricates or performs with persuasive dishonesty Niektórzy influencerzy to emocjonalni oszuści, sprzedający iluzję perfekcji.
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noun [U ] C2 • synonyms: imprisonment, isolation, restriction • solitary confinement; emotional/social confinement; break free from confinement • freq in AmE: 6/10 The artist broke free from the confinement of traditional forms. | 2. The pandemic led to a prolonged period of confinement for many families. | 3. She felt a deep sense of confinement in her rigid daily routine. sākt mācīties
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izolacja, uwięzienie, zamknięcie the state of being restricted or kept within limits, especially being kept in a place like prison, a room, or within boundaries; metaphorically, a sense of emotional, social, or psychological limitation Artysta uwolnił się z ograniczeń tradycyjnych form. | 2. Pandemia doprowadziła do długiego okresu zamknięcia dla wielu rodzin. | 3. Czuła głębokie poczucie ograniczenia w swojej sztywnej codziennej rutynie.
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noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: spiritual shift, religious change, awakening • conversion to something (Christianity/Islam/Buddhism); undergo a conversion; religious/spiritual/personal conversion • freq in AmE: 5/10 His conversion to Buddhism was deeply personal. sākt mācīties
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nawrócenie, przejście na inną wiarę, duchowa przemiana the act or process of adopting a new religion or spiritual belief, often involving a personal transformation, commitment, or formal ritual Jego nawrócenie na buddyzm było głęboko osobiste.
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noun [C or U ] C1 ethical/philosophical • synonyms: belief, certainty, principle • conviction about something; speak/act with conviction; deep/personal/moral conviction; conviction-driven decisions • freq in AmE: 7/10 His actions were guided by deep personal conviction. | 2. Conviction gives strength to stand firm in the face of opposition. sākt mācīties
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przekonanie, głęboka wiara, wewnętrzna pewność a firmly held belief or opinion, often rooted in moral, philosophical, or personal values; a sense of certainty or inner assurance about what is right, true, or important Jego działania wynikały z głębokiej osobistej wiary. | 2. Przekonanie daje siłę, by trwać mimo sprzeciwu.
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collocation with conviction noun [C, U ] C1 ethical/philosophical • synonyms: belief, principle, stance • personal conviction about something; act/speak/stand from personal conviction; strong/deep/unshaken personal conviction • freq in AmE: 6/10 Personal conviction can be a powerful force in shaping one’s choices. sākt mācīties
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osobiste przekonanie, głęboka wiara, wewnętrzna zasada a deeply held belief or principle that guides an individual’s thoughts, decisions, or actions — often rooted in moral, ethical, religious, or philosophical values Osobiste przekonania mogą silnie wpływać na życiowe wybory.
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noun [C ] C1 legal/criminal • synonyms: sentence, judgment, finding of guilt • criminal/prior/felony conviction; conviction for theft/fraud; overturn a conviction; conviction record/history • freq in AmE: 7/10 A criminal conviction can affect employment opportunities. | 2. The conviction was overturned due to new evidence. sākt mācīties
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skazanie, wyrok skazujący, uznanie za winnego a formal declaration by a court that someone is guilty of a criminal offense; the outcome of a legal process resulting in a finding of guilt Wyrok skazujący może wpłynąć na możliwości zatrudnienia. | 2. Skazanie zostało uchylone z powodu nowych dowodów.
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noun [C ] C2 formal • synonyms: body, remains, carcass • find/examine a corpse; the corpse of someone; buried/decaying corpse; human corpse • freq in AmE: 5/10 Forensic experts examined the corpse to determine the cause of death. sākt mācīties
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ciało (zmarłego), zwłoki, trup a dead body, especially of a human being Biegli sądowi zbadali ciało, aby ustalić przyczynę śmierci.
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noun [C ] C2 psychology / everyday language • synonyms: desire, longing, urge • have a craving for something; satisfy/resist a craving; strong/sudden craving; food/sugar/nicotine craving • freq in AmE: 7/10 She had a sudden craving for chocolate. | 2. Pregnant women often experience strange cravings. | 3. After quitting smoking, he struggled with constant nicotine cravings. sākt mācīties
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silne pragnienie, zachcianka (na coś), głód (czegoś) a very strong desire for something, especially food or a specific experience Miała nagłą ochotę na czekoladę. | 2. Kobiety w ciąży często mają dziwne zachcianki. | 3. Po rzuceniu palenia zmagał się z ciągłym głodem nikotynowym.
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have a craving for something collocation with craving noun [C ] C2 informal / psychology • synonyms: long for, desire, want badly • have a craving for food/sweets/adventure/attention; suddenly/really have a craving for something • freq in AmE: 7/10 He had a craving for attention after years of being ignored. | 2. Many people have a craving for something sweet after dinner. sākt mācīties
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mieć ochotę na coś, odczuwać silne pragnienie czegoś, mieć zachciankę na coś to feel a very strong desire or longing for something, especially food or a specific experience Miał ogromną potrzebę uwagi po latach bycia ignorowanym. | 2. Wiele osób po obiedzie ma ochotę na coś słodkiego.
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noun [C ] C2 literal/metaphorical • synonyms: wrongdoer, cause, offender • the real culprit; main culprit; digital culprit; culprit behind sth • freq in AmE: 7/10 The police finally caught the culprit behind the string of burglaries. | 2. Plastic packaging is often the main culprit in ocean pollution. | 3. When the server crashed, a faulty update turned out to be the culprit. sākt mācīties
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sprawca, winowajca, przyczyna (czegoś negatywnego) a person or thing responsible for a fault, crime, or problem; used both in legal contexts and informal speech to identify the cause of something negative Policja w końcu złapała sprawcę serii włamań. | 2. Plastikowe opakowania to często główny winowajca zanieczyszczenia oceanów. | 3. Gdy serwer padł, winowajcą okazała się wadliwa aktualizacja.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: influence, sway, leverage • have/wield/lose clout; political/social/media clout; clout in/with/over • freq in AmE: 7/10 The union used its clout to negotiate better wages. | 2. Social media influencers now wield more clout than traditional celebrities. sākt mācīties
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siła oddziaływania, wpływ, autorytet influence or power, especially in political, social, or professional contexts; the ability to shape decisions, opinions, or outcomes due to status, reputation, or authority Związek zawodowy wykorzystał swoją siłę oddziaływania, by wynegocjować lepsze warunki. | 2. Influencerzy mają dziś większe znaczenie niż tradycyjne gwiazdy.
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noun [C or U ] C2 • medical/clinical • synonyms: co-occurring condition, concurrent illness • comorbidity with X; suffer from multiple comorbidities; comorbidity burden/rate • freq in AmE: 5/10 Depression is a common comorbidity in patients with chronic pain. | 2. Obesity often presents with multiple comorbidities, including hypertension and sleep apnea. sākt mācīties
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the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions or diseases in a patient, especially when they interact or complicate treatment Depresja jest częstą chorobą współistniejącą u osób z przewlekłym bólem. | 2. Otyłość często wiąże się z wieloma chorobami współistniejącymi, np. nadciśnieniem i bezdechem sennym.
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proper noun C1 • region • synonyms: Crimean Peninsula, disputed territory, strategic region • Crimea in history/geopolitics; annexation of Crimea; Crimea as part of Ukraine/Russia; Crimean culture/conflict • freq in AmE: 7/10 The conflict over Crimea remains unresolved. | 2. Crimea was annexed by Russia in 2014. sākt mācīties
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Krym — półwysep o znaczeniu strategicznym i historycznym a peninsula in Eastern Europe located on the northern coast of the Black Sea; historically contested territory with complex political status, known for its strategic location, cultural diversity, and turbulent history Konflikt o Krym pozostaje nierozwiązany. | 2. Krym został zaanektowany przez Rosję w 2014 roku.
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noun [U ] C2 US (also mainly UK counselling) • synonyms: therapy, guidance, support • a counseling service; grief/career/marriage counseling; seek/offer/receive counseling • freq in AmE: 8/10 She decided to seek counseling after the breakup. | 2. The school offers free career counseling to students. sākt mācīties
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doradztwo, poradnictwo, terapia professional guidance or support offered to individuals or groups to help them deal with emotional, psychological, relational, or situational challenges Zdecydowała się na terapię po rozstaniu. | 2. Szkoła oferuje bezpłatne doradztwo zawodowe dla uczniów.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: enclosed area, tight space, restricted zone • work in/escape from a confined space; confined spaces in rescue/engineering/psychology; confined space hazards • freq in AmE: 5/10 Rescuers had to work in a confined space beneath the rubble. sākt mācīties
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ograniczona przestrzeń, ciasne pomieszczenie, zamknięta przestrzeń a space that is small, enclosed, and difficult to move in; often refers to areas with limited access, ventilation, or mobility — sometimes hazardous in industrial or emergency contexts Ratownicy musieli działać w ograniczonej przestrzeni pod gruzami.
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noun [C ] C2 • synonyms: rasp, grunt, death rattle • frog’s croak; hoarse croak; final croak; croak in the dark • freq in AmE: 5/10 We heard the croak of frogs by the pond. | 2. His voice came out as a croak after the flu. | 3. The old man let out a final croak and fell silent. sākt mācīties
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rechot (żaby), chrypka, ostatni jęk (potocznie / metaforycznie) a deep, rough sound made by a frog or a person with a hoarse voice; also used metaphorically to describe a death rattle or final utterance Usłyszeliśmy rechot żab przy stawie. | 2. Po grypie mówił tylko chrypką. | 3. Starzec wydał ostatni jęk i zamilkł.
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noun [C ] C2 mainly US (UK usually puma) • synonyms: puma, mountain lion, panther • wild/agile/solitary cougar; cougar habitat/tracks/leap • freq in AmE: 7/10 The cougar is one of the most elusive predators in North America. | 2. Cougars can leap up to 6 meters in a single bound. sākt mācīties
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a large, solitary wild cat native to the Americas, also known as a mountain lion, puma, or panther — known for its agility, stealth, and adaptability across diverse habitats from forests to deserts Puma to jeden z najbardziej skrytych drapieżników Ameryki Północnej. | 2. Kuguary potrafią skakać na odległość nawet 6 metrów.
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noun [C or U ] C1 religious/historical • synonyms: execution, torment, martyrdom (fig.) • the Crucifixion; crucifixion of Christ/rebels; metaphorical crucifixion • freq in AmE: 5/10 The crucifixion of Christ is central to Christian theology. sākt mācīties
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the act of executing someone by nailing or binding them to a cross, especially referring to the death of Jesus Christ; also used metaphorically to describe extreme suffering or public humiliation Ukrzyżowanie Chrystusa jest centralnym wydarzeniem w teologii chrześcijańskiej.
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noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: battle, fight, struggle, warfare, confrontation, resistance • in/into combat; close/unarmed/armed combat; hand-to-hand combat; combat against/with something • freq in AmE: 8/10 Thousands of soldiers died in combat during the war. | 2. He was trained for close combat. | 3. The new policies are part of the combat against corruption. sākt mācīties
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walka, bój; zmaganie (z czymś) fighting between armed forces; more generally, any struggle or effort to stop or deal with something difficult or harmful Tysiące żołnierzy zginęło w walce podczas wojny. | 2. Był szkolony do walki wręcz. | 3. Nowe przepisy są częścią walki z korupcją.
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collocation with combat noun [C or U ] C2 • synonyms: fight in war, engage in combat, be deployed in battle • serve in combat zones/missions; combat veteran; combat experience • freq in AmE: 5/10 Many veterans who served in combat suffer from PTSD. sākt mācīties
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służyć w warunkach bojowych, brać udział w działaniach zbrojnych to participate actively in military operations or warfare, typically involving direct exposure to hostile action Wielu weteranów, którzy brali udział w walkach, cierpi na PTSD.
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noun [C or U ] C1 formal • synonyms: praise, recognition, tribute • receive/earn/award a commendation; commendation for bravery/service/excellence • freq in AmE: 5/10 She received a commendation for her bravery. sākt mācīties
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pochwała, wyróżnienie, uznanie (oficjalne) formal praise or recognition for an achievement, act of service, or notable conduct; often given in official or ceremonial contexts Otrzymała wyróżnienie za odwagę.
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noun [U ] C1 • synonyms: talk, babble, buzz • lively/background chatter; online/social chatter; chatter of voices/birds/machines • freq in AmE: 6/10 I couldn’t concentrate because of the constant chatter. | 2. There was a lot of online chatter about the new movie. | 3. The chatter of birds filled the morning air. sākt mācīties
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paplanina, gadanie; ćwierkanie, świergotanie (np. cykliczne odgłosy wydawane przez niektóre zwierzęta) continuous, often trivial or rapid talk; also refers to background noise of voices or mechanical sounds; the quick, repeated noises that some animals make Nie mogłem się skupić przez ciągłe gadanie. | 2. W sieci krążyło mnóstwo plotek o nowym filmie. | 3. Poranne powietrze wypełniało ćwierkanie ptaków.
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noun [C ] C1 • synonyms: dilemma, paradox, puzzle • ethical/personal/conceptual conundrum; face a conundrum; solve/navigate a conundrum • freq in AmE: 5/10 The ethical conundrum of AI in warfare remains unresolved. | 2. She faced a personal conundrum: follow her passion or choose financial stability. | 3. The team debated the conundrum of balancing innovation with user safety. sākt mācīties
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zawiły problem, zagwozdka, dylemat a confusing and difficult problem or question, often with no clear solution; a paradox or dilemma that challenges reasoning or decision-making Etyczny dylemat związany z użyciem AI w wojsku pozostaje nierozwiązany. | 2. Stanęła przed osobistą zagwozdką: podążać za pasją czy wybrać finansową stabilność. | 3. Zespół debatował nad paradoksem równoważenia innowacji z bezpieczeństwem użytkownika.
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noun [C ] C1 formal • synonyms: coup d’état, overthrow, power grab • stage/lead/condemn a coup; military/political coup; failed/successful coup; coup and unrest/turmoil/regime change • freq in AmE: 6/10 The military staged a coup and took control of the capital. sākt mācīties
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zamach stanu, przewrót polityczny a sudden, often violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government, typically carried out by a small group such as the military or political faction Wojsko przeprowadziło zamach stanu i przejęło władzę w stolicy.
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noun [U ] C1 formal • synonyms: populace, body of citizens, civic community • the citizenry of X; informed/responsible/active citizenry; serve/address/educate the citizenry; citizenry and democracy/governance • freq in AmE: 5/10 A well-informed citizenry is vital to a functioning democracy. sākt mācīties
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obywatele, społeczeństwo obywatelskie, ogół obywateli the collective body of citizens in a state, nation, or community; used to refer to the people as a whole, especially in discussions of civic responsibility, rights, or governance Dobrze poinformowane społeczeństwo obywatelskie to fundament demokracji.
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noun [S or U ] C2 • general consensus; reach a consensus; consensus on something The general consensus in the office is that he can't do his job. | 2. Could we reach a consensus on this matter? Let's take a vote. | 3. There is a growing consensus on the need for the country to reduce its reliance on imported oil. sākt mācīties
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zgoda, konsensus, jednomyślność a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people W biurze panuje powszechne przekonanie, że nie jest on w stanie wykonywać swojej pracy. | 2. Czy możemy zgodzić się w tej sprawie? Głosujmy. | 3. Coraz powszechniejsza jest opinia, że kraj powinien ograniczyć zależność od importowanej ropy naftowej.
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collocation with consensus noun [S or U ] C2 • general consensus; reach a consensus; consensus on something The general consensus in the office is that he can't do his job. | 2. There is a general consensus that while exercise might not help you lose weight, it will make you healthier overall. sākt mācīties
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powszechna zgoda, jednomyślność a generally accepted opinion or decision among a group of people W biurze panuje powszechne przekonanie, że nie jest on w stanie wykonywać swojej pracy. | 2. Powszechnie uważa się, że chociaż ćwiczenia fizyczne niekoniecznie pomagają schudnąć, ogólnie poprawiają zdrowie.
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