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verb [I or T ] C1 • synonyms: descend, abseil (BrE), lower oneself • rappel down a cliff/wall/helicopter; learn/how to rappel • freq in AmE: 5/10 They rappelled down the canyon wall with ease. | 2. The rescue team rappelled from the helicopter to reach the stranded hikers. sākt mācīties
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opuszczać się na linie, zjeżdżać po linie (np. z urwiska, budynku) to descend a vertical surface, such as a cliff or wall, by sliding down a rope in a controlled manner, typically using specialized equipment Zjechali po linie ze ściany kanionu. | 2. Ratownicy opuścili się z helikoptera, by dotrzeć do turystów.
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verb [T ] C2 • synonyms: harvest, gain, receive • reap rewards/benefits/consequences; reap what you sow • freq in AmE: 6/10 Do poorer countries reap the rewards of technology developed in richer nations? | 2. If you sow hatred, you’ll reap resentment. sākt mācīties
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zbierać (owoce pracy), czerpać, przynosić (korzyści) to receive or obtain something as a result of one’s actions, efforts, or decisions; often used metaphorically to describe harvesting benefits, rewards, or consequences Czy biedniejsze kraje korzystają z dobrodziejstw technologii rozwijanych w bogatszych krajach? | 2. Jeśli siejesz nienawiść, zbierzesz urazę.
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collocation with verb reap [T ] C2 • synonyms: suffer consequences, pay the price • reap a bitter harvest of corruption/neglect/betrayal; reap a bitter harvest for something • freq in AmE: 4/10 They reaped a bitter harvest after years of corruption. sākt mācīties
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zbierać gorzkie żniwo, ponosić bolesne konsekwencje to suffer negative consequences as a result of past actions or decisions; often used metaphorically to describe moral, political, or social fallout Po latach korupcji zebrali gorzkie żniwo.
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collocation with verb reap [T ] C1 • synonyms: gain, enjoy, benefit from • reap the benefits of hard work/investment/discipline; finally reap the benefits • freq in AmE: 6/10 She studied consistently and is now reaping the benefits. | 2. You’ll reap the benefits of healthy habits later in life. sākt mācīties
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czerpać korzyści, zbierać owoce (np. pracy, inwestycji, decyzji) to receive positive results or advantages from one’s actions, investments, or decisions; often used in professional, economic, or personal development contexts Uczyła się systematycznie i teraz czerpie korzyści. | 2. Zdrowe nawyki przyniosą korzyści w późniejszym życiu.
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collocation with verb reap [T ] C1 • synonyms: gain, enjoy, benefit from • reap the rewards of effort/strategy/persistence; finally reap the rewards • freq in AmE: 6/10 You’ll reap the rewards of patience and persistence. sākt mācīties
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zbierać owoce, czerpać nagrodę, odnosić korzyści (z wysiłku, decyzji, inwestycji) to receive positive outcomes or advantages as a result of effort, investment, or wise decisions; emphasizes the satisfying payoff after sustained work or risk Cierpliwość i wytrwałość przyniosą ci korzyści.
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verb [I or T ] C2 • synonyms: practice, go over, premeditate • rehearse (something) for something; rehearse what, how, etc...; rehearse speech/scene/response; mentally/emotionally rehearse • freq in AmE: 6/10 The musicians rehearsed (the symphony) for the concert. | 2. She rehearsed her lines for hours before the audition. | 3. He kept mentally rehearsing the argument he never had. sākt mācīties
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robić próbę, ćwiczyć, powtarzać to practice something, especially a performance, speech, or behavior, in preparation for a public or significant moment; metaphorically, to mentally or emotionally go over something repeatedly Muzycy przeprowadzili próbę (symfonii) na koncert. | 2. Ćwiczyła swoje kwestie godzinami przed przesłuchaniem. | 3. Wciąż w myślach odgrywał kłótnię, która nigdy się nie wydarzyła.
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verb [I ] C2 formal • synonyms: soften, yield, ease up • relent after pressure/pleading; storm relents; refuse to relent • emotional, literary tone • freq in AmE: 5/10 The storm showed no signs of relenting until dawn. | 2. She refused to relent in her pursuit of justice. sākt mācīties
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ustępować (komuś), łagodnieć, mięknąć (w stanowisku, surowości, intensywności) to become less severe, strict, or determined; to soften in attitude or intensity, especially after resistance or persistence Burza nie ustępowała aż do świtu. | 2. Nie zamierzała ustąpić w swojej walce o sprawiedliwość.
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verb [T ] C2 formal • synonyms: make, cause, leave, turn • render someone speechless/unable/jobless; render something void/obsolete; render X + adjective/state • freq in AmE: 4/10 Her generosity rendered me deeply moved. | 2. The pain rendered her unable to walk. sākt mācīties
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uczynić, sprawić, doprowadzić do czegoś (stanu, skutku) to cause someone or something to be in a particular state or condition; to make something become Jej hojność głęboko mnie poruszyła. | 2. Ból uniemożliwił jej chodzenie.
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verb [T ] C2 -tt- • synonyms: upgrade, modernize, adapt, convert • retrofit buildings/systems/vehicles/software; retrofit with solar panels/sensors/new tech • freq in AmE: 5/10 The company is retrofitting its fleet to meet new emissions regulations. | 2. We need to retrofit legacy software to support mobile devices. sākt mācīties
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modernizować, unowocześniać to add new technology, features, or improvements to an existing system, structure, or piece of equipment — especially to make it more efficient, safe, or compliant with modern standards Firma modernizuje flotę, by spełniała nowe normy emisji. | 2. Musimy zmodernizować starsze oprogramowanie, by działało na urządzeniach mobilnych.
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verb [I ] C2 formal • synonyms: cut back, economize, downsize • retrench financially/strategically; retrench staff/spending/programs • freq in AmE: 5/10 The company retrenched after a sharp decline in revenue. sākt mācīties
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ograniczać wydatki, oszczędzać, wycofywać to reduce costs, spending, or resources, especially in response to financial pressure or strategic reevaluation; metaphorically, to pull back or withdraw from a previous position Firma ograniczyła wydatki po gwałtownym spadku przychodów.
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reside with primary caregivers collocation with reside verb [I usually + adv/prep ] C1 formal • synonyms: live with, be cared for by, cohabit with • children/minors reside with primary caregivers/guardians/parents • reside with biological/foster/legal caregivers • freq in AmE: 4/10 The policy applies only to minors who do not reside with their primary caregivers. sākt mācīties
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mieszkać z prawnymi opiekunami, przebywać pod opieką prawnych opiekunów to live in the same household as the individuals who hold the main responsibility for a child's care and upbringing — typically parents, legal guardians, or designated caretakers Polityka ta dotyczy wyłącznie osób niepełnoletnich, które nie zamieszkują ze swoimi głównymi opiekunami.
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verb [T ] C2 • synonyms: redesign, overhaul, modernize • revamp website/strategy/brand/look/system; major revamp; revamp for appeal/efficiency • freq: 7/10 They revamped the website to improve user experience. sākt mācīties
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odświeżyć, zmodernizować, przeprojektować to improve, update, or redesign something to make it more modern, effective, or appealing — often involving a significant overhaul Odświeżyli stronę internetową, by poprawić komfort użytkownika.
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collocation with revamp verb [T ] C2 • synonyms: refresh/update your style, overhaul your closet • revamp your wardrobe/look/style/image; seasonal revamp; wardrobe overhaul • freq: 7/10 She revamped her wardrobe after moving to New York. sākt mācīties
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odświeżyć garderobę, zmienić styl ubierania się, przeorganizować szafę to update or improve your collection of clothes, often by replacing old items with new ones, changing your style, or adapting to a new phase in life Odświeżyła garderobę po przeprowadzce do Nowego Jorku.
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relish something / relish doing something verb [T ] C2 formal • synonyms: enjoy, savor, delight in • relish the chance/opportunity/moment; relish doing something; really/secretly/fully relish *• freq in AmE: 6/10 I enjoyed our vacation, but didn’t relish the twenty-hour trip back home. sākt mācīties
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cieszyć się z (powodu) (robienienia) czegoś, delektować się czymś/robieniem czegoś, czerpać przyjemność z (robienia) czegoś to enjoy something greatly or take intense pleasure in it, especially something anticipated or emotionally satisfying; can also imply savoring a moment or experience Podobały mi się nasze wakacje, ale dwudziestogodzinna podróż powrotna do domu nie przypadła mi do gustu.
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collocation with relish verb [T ] C2 formal • synonyms: savor the chance, embrace the moment, delight in the opportunity • relish the opportunity to speak/act/connect; truly/secretly/fully relish the opportunity *• freq in AmE: 6/10 They relished the opportunity to reconnect after years apart. sākt mācīties
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cieszyć się z okazji do czegoś, rozkoszować się możliwością, delektować się szansą to take great pleasure in having the chance to do something, especially something long-awaited, meaningful, or personally satisfying Cieszyli się z możliwości ponownego spotkania po latach rozłąki.
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verb [I ] C2 • synonyms: withdraw, pull back, recede • retreat from sth; retreat into silence/isolation/oneself; retreat to a place; emotionally/strategically retreat • freq in AmE: 6/10 He retreated to his cabin to escape the noise of the city. | 2. The troops were forced to retreat under heavy fire. sākt mācīties
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wycofać się, oddalić się, schronić się to move back or withdraw, either physically or metaphorically; can refer to strategic withdrawal, emotional distancing, or seeking refuge Schronił się w swojej chacie, by odpocząć od miejskiego zgiełku. | 2. Wojska musiały się wycofać pod silnym ostrzałem.
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collocation with retreat verb [I ] C2 • synonyms: withdraw inwardly, turn inward, shut down emotionally • retreat into oneself/silence/isolation; someone retreats into themselves; tendency to retreat during grief/conflict • freq in AmE: 5/10 She tends to retreat into herself when overwhelmed. | 2. After the loss, he retreated into himself and stopped speaking to friends. | 3. The character retreats into himself, seeking solace in solitude. sākt mācīties
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uciekać w głąb siebie, zamknąć się w sobie, wycofać się emocjonalne to withdraw emotionally or mentally from others, often in response to stress, hurt, or deep reflection; implies turning inward and becoming less communicative or socially engaged Ma tendencję do uciekania w głąb siebie, gdy czuje się przytłoczona. | 2. Po stracie zamknął się w sobie i przestał rozmawiać z przyjaciółmi. | 3. Postać wycofuje się emocjonalnie, szukając ukojenia w samotności.
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collocation with retreat verb [I ] C2 • synonyms: withdraw inwardly, turn inward, shut down emotionally • retreat into oneself/silence/isolation; someone retreats into themselves; tendency to retreat during grief/conflict • freq in AmE: 5/10 The character retreats into himself, seeking solace in solitude. sākt mācīties
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uciekać w głąb siebie, zamknąć się w sobie, wycofać się emocjonalne to withdraw emotionally or mentally from others, often in response to stress, hurt, or deep reflection; implies turning inward and becoming less communicative or socially engaged Postać wycofuje się emocjonalnie, szukając ukojenia w samotności.
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verb [I ] C2 • synonyms: recover, bounce back, rally • rebound after crisis/loss/setback; emotional/economic/market rebound; rebound to previous level/state • freq in AmE: 6/10 After the crisis, the economy began to rebound. | 2. She rebounded quickly after the breakup. sākt mācīties
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odbijać się, wracać do poprzedniego stanu, dochodzić do siebie to recover or return to a previous or improved state after a decline, setback, or shock; often used in emotional, economic, or physical contexts Po kryzysie gospodarka zaczęła się odbijać. | 2. Szybko doszła do siebie po rozstaniu.
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verb [I ] C1 informal • synonyms: improvise, elaborate, play around • riff on an idea/theme; riff musically/verbally; creative riffing • freq in AmE: 4/10 The comedian riffed on current events for twenty minutes. | 2. They riffed musically until the melody evolved into something new. sākt mācīties
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improwizować, swobodnie rozwijać temat, wariować na temat to improvise or speak/play creatively around a theme, idea, or pattern; originally musical, now used metaphorically to describe spontaneous elaboration or variation Komik przez dwadzieścia minut improwizował na temat bieżących wydarzeń. | 2. Muzycy improwizowali, aż melodia przekształciła się w coś nowego.
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ravage verb [T often passive ] C1 • synonyms: devastated, destroyed, consumed, torn apart • ravaged by war/disease/emotion/time • freq in AmE: 6/10 The area has been ravaged by drought/floods/war. | 2. Her body was ravaged by illness, but her spirit remained strong. sākt mācīties
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spustoszony przez coś, zniszczony, wyniszczony severely damaged, destroyed, or devastated by a powerful force — such as war, disease, emotion, or time; used both literally and metaphorically to evoke intense suffering or deterioration Obszar ten został spustoszony przez suszę, powodzie i wojnę. | 2. Jej ciało było wyniszczone przez chorobę, ale duch pozostał silny.
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