jautājums  |
atbilde |
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" sākt mācīties
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" sākt mācīties
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" sākt mācīties
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste sākt mācīties
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... sākt mācīties
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? sākt mācīties
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? sākt mācīties
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First distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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Second distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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Third distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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Fourth distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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Fifth distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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Sixth distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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Seventh distinct in culture: sākt mācīties
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? sākt mācīties
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? sākt mācīties
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: sākt mācīties
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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sākt mācīties
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? sākt mācīties
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instruction and moral progress
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sākt mācīties
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care given to development of the mind
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sākt mācīties
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? sākt mācīties
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? sākt mācīties
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? sākt mācīties
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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sākt mācīties
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Socio-cultural patterns... sākt mācīties
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... sākt mācīties
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... sākt mācīties
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? sākt mācīties
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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sākt mācīties
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... sākt mācīties
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Culture is a system that has... sākt mācīties
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... sākt mācīties
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: sākt mācīties
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. sākt mācīties
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? sākt mācīties
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. sākt mācīties
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: sākt mācīties
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? sākt mācīties
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? sākt mācīties
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? sākt mācīties
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? sākt mācīties
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? sākt mācīties
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? sākt mācīties
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: sākt mācīties
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? sākt mācīties
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It includes numerous "languages".
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sākt mācīties
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? sākt mācīties
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? sākt mācīties
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? sākt mācīties
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? sākt mācīties
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... sākt mācīties
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? sākt mācīties
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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sākt mācīties
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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sākt mācīties
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anything that produces meaning.
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sākt mācīties
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? sākt mācīties
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? sākt mācīties
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution sākt mācīties
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: sākt mācīties
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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sākt mācīties
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... sākt mācīties
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Mass production process... sākt mācīties
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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sākt mācīties
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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sākt mācīties
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? sākt mācīties
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? sākt mācīties
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? sākt mācīties
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The first magazine published and when? sākt mācīties
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When was telegraph invented? sākt mācīties
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What was the first movie and when was it published? sākt mācīties
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? sākt mācīties
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? sākt mācīties
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When did the internet start working around? sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: sākt mācīties
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: sākt mācīties
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: sākt mācīties
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: sākt mācīties
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: sākt mācīties
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"favoured by people generally"
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sākt mācīties
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: sākt mācīties
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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sākt mācīties
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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sākt mācīties
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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sākt mācīties
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... sākt mācīties
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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sākt mācīties
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? sākt mācīties
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? sākt mācīties
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... sākt mācīties
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: sākt mācīties
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: sākt mācīties
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... sākt mācīties
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... sākt mācīties
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... sākt mācīties
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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sākt mācīties
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... sākt mācīties
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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sākt mācīties
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... sākt mācīties
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the authentic with commercial.
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sākt mācīties
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... sākt mācīties
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... sākt mācīties
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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sākt mācīties
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... sākt mācīties
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... sākt mācīties
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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sākt mācīties
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... sākt mācīties
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... sākt mācīties
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... sākt mācīties
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... sākt mācīties
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... sākt mācīties
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The MP3 file format was developed in... sākt mācīties
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... sākt mācīties
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The Napster shut down in... sākt mācīties
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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sākt mācīties
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: sākt mācīties
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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sākt mācīties
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... sākt mācīties
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... sākt mācīties
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... sākt mācīties
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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sākt mācīties
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... sākt mācīties
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The Frankfurt School moved to... sākt mācīties
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: sākt mācīties
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... sākt mācīties
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... sākt mācīties
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... sākt mācīties
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... sākt mācīties
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... sākt mācīties
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Culture industry uses a... sākt mācīties
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... sākt mācīties
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... sākt mācīties
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... sākt mācīties
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... sākt mācīties
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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sākt mācīties
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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sākt mācīties
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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sākt mācīties
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endless stream of movies.
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sākt mācīties
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... sākt mācīties
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... sākt mācīties
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... sākt mācīties
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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sākt mācīties
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... sākt mācīties
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... sākt mācīties
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... sākt mācīties
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... sākt mācīties
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... sākt mācīties
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... sākt mācīties
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... sākt mācīties
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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sākt mācīties
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... sākt mācīties
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... sākt mācīties
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Youth subcultures express... sākt mācīties
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opposition to the generation gap.
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sākt mācīties
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Resistance is expressed through... sākt mācīties
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: sākt mācīties
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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sākt mācīties
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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sākt mācīties
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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sākt mācīties
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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sākt mācīties
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... sākt mācīties
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Middle 1970s subculture was... sākt mācīties
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... sākt mācīties
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Early 1980s subculture was... sākt mācīties
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Another early 1980s subculture was... sākt mācīties
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The skinhead value system and style... sākt mācīties
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... sākt mācīties
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... sākt mācīties
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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sākt mācīties
|
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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sākt mācīties
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... sākt mācīties
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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sākt mācīties
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: sākt mācīties
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... sākt mācīties
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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sākt mācīties
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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sākt mācīties
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... sākt mācīties
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Post-subcultural generation... sākt mācīties
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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usually followed by a slogan.
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sākt mācīties
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are based on visual style.
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sākt mācīties
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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sākt mācīties
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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sākt mācīties
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial sākt mācīties
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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sākt mācīties
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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sākt mācīties
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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sākt mācīties
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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sākt mācīties
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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sākt mācīties
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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sākt mācīties
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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sākt mācīties
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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sākt mācīties
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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sākt mācīties
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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sākt mācīties
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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sākt mācīties
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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sākt mācīties
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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sākt mācīties
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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