→ Descriptive Grammar → Sāciet mācīties / Lejupielādēt MP3 flashcards

jautājums		atbilde
nouns podzial sākt mācīties		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca sākt mācīties		classifiers
verbs podzial sākt mācīties		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants sākt mācīties		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs sākt mācīties		one participant - john is running
monotransutive sākt mācīties		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive sākt mācīties		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem sākt mācīties		copular
appear sākt mācīties		copular
sound sākt mācīties		copular
turn sākt mācīties		copular
look sākt mācīties		copular
smell sākt mācīties		copular
taste sākt mācīties		copular
feel sākt mācīties		copular
get sākt mācīties		copukar
complex transitive verbs sākt mācīties		mary considers john an imposter
believe sākt mācīties		complex transit
consider sākt mācīties		complex transit
find sākt mācīties		complex transit
judge sākt mācīties		complex transit
keep sākt mācīties		comlex transit
think sākt mācīties		complex transit
know sākt mācīties		complex transit
presume sākt mācīties		complex teansit
presume sākt mācīties		complex transit
many sākt mācīties		det
all sākt mācīties		det
that sākt mācīties		sub
verbs podzial sākt mācīties		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following sākt mācīties		adj
podzial czasownikow sākt mācīties		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować sākt mācīties		revise
konczyc sākt mācīties		terminate
wytlumaczyc sākt mācīties		account for
at home sākt mācīties		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time sākt mācīties		prepositional phrase
with me sākt mācīties		prepositional phrase
at home sākt mācīties		prepositional phrase
word classes ile sākt mācīties		8
words podzial sākt mācīties		content, function
concent words sākt mācīties		lexical morphemes
function words sākt mācīties		grammatical morphemes
noncount sākt mācīties		masscount
nouns podzial sākt mācīties		concrete, abstract, collective
several sākt mācīties		determiner
which sākt mācīties		determiner
whose sākt mācīties		determiner
degree words sākt mācīties		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje sākt mācīties		attributive, predicative
lexical verb sākt mācīties		main verb
paradigm sākt mācīties		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie sākt mācīties		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola sākt mācīties		they determine the noun phrase
reference sākt mācīties		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference sākt mācīties		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział sākt mācīties		spacial, temporal
coordinators sākt mācīties		join the elements of the same status
subordinator sākt mācīties		introduct clauses
subordinator sākt mācīties		introduct clauses
subordinator sākt mācīties		introduct clauses
clause sākt mācīties		full grammatical unit
too sākt mācīties		degree word
most sākt mācīties		degree word
need sākt mācīties		auxiliary
whatever sākt mācīties		determiner
lexicon sākt mācīties		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka sākt mācīties		also known as
word class sākt mācīties		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution sākt mācīties		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy sākt mācīties		arbitrary
jednostka sākt mācīties		entity
zewnetrzny sākt mācīties		external
classifiers sākt mācīties		unit nouns
verbs odmiana sākt mācīties		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly sākt mācīties		degree modifier
very sākt mācīties		degree modifier
three years sākt mācīties		measure phrase
predictive adjectives sākt mācīties		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca sākt mācīties		traitor
her sākt mācīties		determiner
hers sākt mācīties		pronoun
inflwction sākt mācīties		adjusting to the context
derivation sākt mācīties		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root sākt mācīties		carries the lexical information
interfix sākt mācīties		goes in between(o)
infix sākt mācīties		inside a single lexem
circumfix sākt mācīties		en
3 types of compounds sākt mācīties		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional sākt mācīties		both elements have equal status
exocentric sākt mācīties		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric sākt mācīties		1 element describes the other
conversion sākt mācīties		lexical recategorisation
back-formation sākt mācīties		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication sākt mācīties		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping sākt mācīties		cutting the part of the word
blending sākt mācīties		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization sākt mācīties		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification sākt mācīties		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another sākt mācīties		pronoun
morphology sākt mācīties		deals with internal structure of words
morphem sākt mācīties		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes sākt mācīties		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words sākt mācīties		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes sākt mācīties		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes sākt mācīties		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix sākt mācīties		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes sākt mācīties		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding sākt mācīties		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend sākt mācīties		appositional
woman dictor sākt mācīties		appositional
woman doctor sākt mācīties		appositional
sleepwalk sākt mācīties		appositional
tennis shoe sākt mācīties		endocentric
kitchen chair sākt mācīties		endocentric
sit-in sākt mācīties		exocentric
pickpocket sākt mācīties		exocentric
redhead sākt mācīties		exocentric
borrowings sākt mācīties		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many sākt mācīties		specifier
our sākt mācīties		specifier
so sākt mācīties		specifier
too sākt mācīties		specifier
right sākt mācīties		specifier
quite sākt mācīties		specifier
just sākt mācīties		specifier
word form sākt mācīties		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head sākt mācīties		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric sākt mācīties		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N sākt mācīties		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v sākt mācīties		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests sākt mācīties		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom sākt mācīties		volume
argument structure sākt mācīties		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot sākt mācīties		subject
orzeczenie sākt mācīties		predicate
agent restructions sākt mācīties		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was sākt mācīties		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was sākt mācīties		x - patient, theme
causative alternation sākt mācīties		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation sākt mācīties		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop sākt mācīties		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation sākt mācīties		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation sākt mācīties		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation sākt mācīties		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation sākt mācīties		this book reads well
adding goal pp sākt mācīties		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation sākt mācīties		john shaves in the morning
agent sākt mācīties		animate initiator
force sākt mācīties		inanimate cause of an action
instrument sākt mācīties		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer sākt mācīties		the animate being affected inwardly
source sākt mācīties		the place from which an action emnate
goal sākt mācīties		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path sākt mācīties		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location sākt mācīties		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor sākt mācīties		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession sākt mācīties		Judy’s head
alienable possession sākt mācīties		judys car
benefactive sākt mācīties		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive sākt mācīties		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient sākt mācīties		a person or thing affected by an action
patient sākt mācīties		undergoes a change
theme sākt mācīties		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral sākt mācīties		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range sākt mācīties		specification/limitatiin of an action
role sākt mācīties		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object sākt mācīties		who what
indirect object sākt mācīties		to whom for whom
case frame sākt mācīties		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates sākt mācīties		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments sākt mācīties		the participants
testing dynamism sākt mācīties		ing
testing durativity sākt mācīties		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity sākt mācīties		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject sākt mācīties		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect sākt mācīties		patient/theme
passivisation sākt mācīties		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: sākt mācīties		follow, precede
the double object construction forces sākt mācīties		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations sākt mācīties		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences sākt mācīties		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o sākt mācīties		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie sākt mācīties		Still waters run deep
i think sākt mācīties		state
przeslanka, zlozenje sākt mācīties		premise
I will sākt mācīties		premise
I am sākt mācīties		intention
i’m going to sākt mācīties		strong intention
will you be going sākt mācīties		asking about plans
will you go sākt mācīties		request
I was meeting sākt mācīties		the meeting started before
i have been very busy sākt mācīties		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped sākt mācīties		in the past
I was hoping sākt mācīties		polite expression
has been placing sākt mācīties		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits sākt mācīties		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits sākt mācīties		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning sākt mācīties		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning sākt mācīties		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday sākt mācīties		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for sākt mācīties		repeated action
where did steve go for sākt mācīties		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax sākt mācīties		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause sākt mācīties		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse sākt mācīties		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale sākt mācīties		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause sākt mācīties		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause sākt mācīties		clause within a main clause
that sākt mācīties		conjunction/subordinator
sentence sākt mācīties		independent unit of syntax
clause sākt mācīties		may be dependent/independent
finite verb sākt mācīties		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always sākt mācīties		finite
subordinate clauses sākt mācīties		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms sākt mācīties		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses sākt mācīties		always finite
modal auxiliaries sākt mācīties		finite verb forms
that clauses sākt mācīties		always finite
bare infinitive sākt mācīties		non-finite verb form
present participle sākt mācīties		non-finite verb form
past participle sākt mācīties		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive sākt mācīties		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type sākt mācīties		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen sākt mācīties		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences sākt mācīties		finite
exclamative sentence sākt mācīties		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form sākt mācīties		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions sākt mācīties		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object sākt mācīties		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object sākt mācīties		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject sākt mācīties		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject sākt mācīties		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses sākt mācīties		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses sākt mācīties		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject sākt mācīties		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct sākt mācīties		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word sākt mācīties		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject sākt mācīties		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj sākt mācīties		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject sākt mācīties		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject sākt mācīties		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct sākt mācīties		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi sākt mācīties		cab
ing participle as adjunct sākt mācīties		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen sākt mācīties		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb sākt mācīties		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen sākt mācīties		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie sākt mācīties		suffocate
function of claused complement of n sākt mācīties		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP sākt mācīties		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p sākt mācīties		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts sākt mācīties		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) sākt mācīties		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts sākt mācīties		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses sākt mācīties		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses sākt mācīties		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses sākt mācīties		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary sākt mācīties		clause as subject/ complement
that required sākt mācīties		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: sākt mācīties		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl sākt mācīties		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers sākt mācīties		always obligatory!!!
if introduces sākt mācīties		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces sākt mācīties		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry sākt mācīties		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech sākt mācīties		words
or, and, but = parts of speech sākt mācīties		coordinators
that if part of speech sākt mācīties		subordinator
your time is up sākt mācīties		A
the balloons rose up to the sky sākt mācīties		Adv
they live just up the street from us sākt mācīties		P
the dog tore up the slipper sākt mācīties		prt
major word classes sākt mācīties		lexical categories
minor word classes sākt mācīties		functional cat
kostka masla sākt mācīties		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun sākt mācīties		a heap of books
copular verbs sākt mācīties		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet sākt mācīties		comolex transitive
participants sākt mācīties		arguments
verbs sākt mācīties		predicators
adjectives sākt mācīties		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade sākt mācīties		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe sākt mācīties		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly sākt mācīties		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years sākt mācīties		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely sākt mācīties		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs sākt mācīties		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries sākt mācīties		have, be
dummy auxiliary sākt mācīties		do
this/ that sākt mācīties		demonstratives
determiners sākt mācīties		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her sākt mācīties		determiner
hers sākt mācīties		pronoun
indefinite reference sākt mācīties		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner sākt mācīties		P
come roumd with some fresh air sākt mācīties		adv
idle sākt mācīties		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives sākt mācīties		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete sākt mācīties		personality- a personality
mass to count sākt mācīties		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass sākt mācīties		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed sākt mācīties		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes sākt mācīties		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph sākt mācīties		free morph bound morph
free morph sākt mācīties		root
affix sākt mācīties		always a bound root
derivational affix sākt mācīties		prefix/ suffix
simple word sākt mācīties		1 free root
complex word sākt mācīties		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word sākt mācīties		2 free roots
compound - complex sākt mācīties		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation sākt mācīties		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion sākt mācīties		functional shift
functional shift sākt mācīties		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots sākt mācīties		compound
root creation sākt mācīties		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix sākt mācīties		un, mis, over
suffix sākt mācīties		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix sākt mācīties		gramophone
infix sākt mācīties		kangabloodyroo
circumfix sākt mācīties		enliven
compouding sākt mācīties		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp sākt mācīties		kitchen chair
exocentric compound sākt mācīties		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund sākt mācīties		woman doctor
conversion sākt mācīties		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping sākt mācīties		fridge
blending sākt mācīties		workoholic
acronymization sākt mācīties		VIP
internal modification sākt mācīties		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings sākt mācīties		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng sākt mācīties		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo sākt mācīties		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc sākt mācīties		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses sākt mācīties		agent
what y did to x sākt mācīties		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film sākt mācīties		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table sākt mācīties		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris sākt mācīties		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning sākt mācīties		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily sākt mācīties		middle alternation
the situation types differ in sākt mācīties		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test sākt mācīties		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive sākt mācīties		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test sākt mācīties		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee sākt mācīties		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice sākt mācīties		telic
she ate rice sākt mācīties		atelic
telicy test sākt mācīties		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test sākt mācīties		in ten minutes
atelic situation test sākt mācīties		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure sākt mācīties		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes sākt mācīties		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes sākt mācīties		telic
twierdzic sākt mācīties		to assert
* i think about my work now sākt mācīties		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events sākt mācīties		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying sākt mācīties		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct sākt mācīties		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct sākt mācīties		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct sākt mācīties		in a rush
pp as adjunct sākt mācīties		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door sākt mācīties		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack sākt mācīties		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions sākt mācīties		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives sākt mācīties		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns sākt mācīties		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs sākt mācīties		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement sākt mācīties		william blushed
complements of verb sākt mācīties		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs sākt mācīties		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy sākt mācīties		about/with
np adjunct sākt mācīties		this week
pp adjunct sākt mācīties		in the park
ap adjunct sākt mācīties		very long
np complement sākt mācīties		read(a book)
pp complement sākt mācīties		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement sākt mācīties		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts sākt mācīties		specifiers
head alone sākt mācīties		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence sākt mācīties		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo sākt mācīties		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo sākt mācīties		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent sākt mācīties		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents sākt mācīties		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? sākt mācīties		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like sākt mācīties		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will sākt mācīties		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet sākt mācīties		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy sākt mācīties		heavy np shift
the x’schema sākt mācīties		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules sākt mācīties		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules sākt mācīties		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category sākt mācīties		the head of the structure
general schems sākt mācīties		X‘ schema
X sākt mācīties		head
YP sākt mācīties		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ sākt mācīties		intermediate projection
RP sākt mācīties		adjunct
ZP sākt mācīties		specifier
X‘ sākt mācīties		intermediate structure
english-head initial language sākt mācīties		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb sākt mācīties		object
*louise abandonedd sākt mācīties		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase sākt mācīties		specifier
complete phrase sākt mācīties		a maximal projection of the head
specifier sākt mācīties		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence sākt mācīties		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as sākt mācīties		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric sākt mācīties		they r built around the head successively
head sākt mācīties		the minimal projection
complements sākt mācīties		expand x into x’
adjuncts sākt mācīties		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers sākt mācīties		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine sākt mācīties		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np sākt mācīties		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp sākt mācīties		and nor will jay
the new teacher did sākt mācīties		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = sākt mācīties		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge sākt mācīties		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation sākt mācīties		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation sākt mācīties		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will sākt mācīties		topicalistion
postponing sākt mācīties		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent sākt mācīties		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps sākt mācīties		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting sākt mācīties		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile sākt mācīties		no part of vp possible
coordinators sākt mācīties		conjunctions
coordination sākt mācīties		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination sākt mācīties		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy sākt mācīties		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves sākt mācīties		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden sākt mācīties		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams sākt mācīties		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests sākt mācīties		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests sākt mācīties		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify sākt mācīties		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants sākt mācīties		predicate
1 place predicate sākt mācīties		Frank is irish
2 place predicate sākt mācīties		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate sākt mācīties		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate sākt mācīties		0 place predicates
semantic notions sākt mācīties		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions sākt mācīties		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez sākt mācīties		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond sākt mācīties		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy sākt mācīties		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious sākt mācīties		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at sākt mācīties		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan sākt mācīties		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated sākt mācīties		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates sākt mācīties		John is envious
prepositions as predicates sākt mācīties		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol sākt mācīties		location
people filled the room sākt mācīties		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair sākt mācīties		possessor
coach sākt mācīties		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin sākt mācīties		factirive
the chicken was baked by me sākt mācīties		patient
it costs a hundred dollars sākt mācīties		range
it weights 80 kilograms sākt mācīties		range
hum sākt mācīties		nucić
he hummed a silly tune sākt mācīties		range
he lived out his life happily sākt mācīties		range
lexical representation of predicates sākt mācīties		argument structure
weather predications sākt mācīties		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation sākt mācīties		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme sākt mācīties		semantic selection
experiencer sākt mācīties		encodes animate being
sentient sākt mācīties		czujący
* john envies sākt mācīties		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary sākt mācīties		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary sākt mācīties		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc sākt mācīties		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf sākt mācīties		source
his leaving pleases me sākt mācīties		source
the sun gives off heat sākt mācīties		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly sākt mācīties		source
i walked upstairs sākt mācīties		goal
she did it for love sākt mācīties		goal
path sākt mācīties		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks sākt mācīties		via
specifier sākt mācīties		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier sākt mācīties		determiner
* this the book sākt mācīties		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers sākt mācīties		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility sākt mācīties		so, rather
so, rather sākt mācīties		det
utterly as adjunct sākt mācīties		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong sākt mācīties		so- specifier of pp
right sākt mācīties		determiner
specifier sākt mācīties		precedes x’ in english
not sākt mācīties		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses sākt mācīties		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners sākt mācīties		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP sākt mācīties		a/some/out/this
spec in vp sākt mācīties		negation
specifier in ap sākt mācīties		too, how, so
spec in advp sākt mācīties		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp sākt mācīties		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause sākt mācīties		NP
specifoer in clause sākt mācīties		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause sākt mācīties		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause sākt mācīties		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier sākt mācīties		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause sākt mācīties		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause sākt mācīties		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage sākt mācīties		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late sākt mācīties		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T sākt mācīties		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase sākt mācīties		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure sākt mācīties		x, x’, x’’
never sākt mācīties		spec of vp
spec of ap sākt mācīties		HOW nice
a juvenile sākt mācīties		nieletni
a private sākt mācīties		szeregowy
a natural sākt mācīties		naturszczyk
a daily sākt mācīties		dziennik
herd sākt mācīties		tłum, stado
your time is up sākt mācīties		A
the balloons rose up to the sky sākt mācīties		adv
the dog tore up the slipper sākt mācīties		prt
they live just up the street from us sākt mācīties		adv
would you write your adress down for me sākt mācīties		prt
he ran down the stairs sākt mācīties		P
he looked down because he was embarassed sākt mācīties		adv
dummy auxiliary sākt mācīties		do
primary auxiliaries sākt mācīties		have, be
vis sākt mācīties		potęga, siła
monotheism root sākt mācīties		THE
syntactic pattern sākt mācīties		V+ N+ er>N
hover sākt mācīties		unosic sie
pług sākt mācīties		plow
drip sākt mācīties		kapać
clean-cut sākt mācīties		wyrazisty
badmouth sākt mācīties		obgadywac
cranapple sākt mācīties		semantically opaque
neologizm sākt mācīties		literary coinage
canary od canary islands sākt mācīties		commonization
split adjective sākt mācīties		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests sākt mācīties		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns sākt mācīties		determiners
idles sākt mācīties		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled sākt mācīties		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation sākt mācīties		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete sākt mācīties		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation sākt mācīties		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation sākt mācīties		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion sākt mācīties		einstain -> an einstein
constituent sākt mācīties		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics sākt mācīties		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax sākt mācīties		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband sākt mācīties		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously sākt mācīties		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP sākt mācīties		completely dry
different types of words sākt mācīties		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec sākt mācīties		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy sākt mācīties		gerund
yourself sākt mācīties		pronoun
another sākt mācīties		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend sākt mācīties		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila sākt mācīties		vis
invisibly root sākt mācīties		vis
what sākt mācīties		PRONOUN
so sākt mācīties		CONJUNCTION
declarative sākt mācīties		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative sākt mācīties		question
imperative sākt mācīties		directive
exclamative sākt mācīties		exclamation
aspect sākt mācīties		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction sākt mācīties		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis sākt mācīties		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form sākt mācīties		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other sākt mācīties		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction sākt mācīties		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this sākt mācīties		clausal prp-form
it sākt mācīties		clausal proform
topicalization sākt mācīties		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation sākt mācīties		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive sākt mācīties		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion sākt mācīties		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization sākt mācīties		10 years we lived there
focalization sākt mācīties		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft sākt mācīties		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft sākt mācīties		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right sākt mācīties		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation sākt mācīties		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation sākt mācīties		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation sākt mācīties		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift sākt mācīties		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np sākt mācīties		long/complex np
extraposition feom np sākt mācīties		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np sākt mācīties		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np sākt mācīties		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition sākt mācīties		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition sākt mācīties		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions sākt mācīties		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions sākt mācīties		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition sākt mācīties		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause sākt mācīties		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion sākt mācīties		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion sākt mācīties		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion sākt mācīties		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction sākt mācīties		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion sākt mācīties		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion sākt mācīties		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction sākt mācīties		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate sākt mācīties		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion sākt mācīties		definite nps impossible
reduction sākt mācīties		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction sākt mācīties		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction sākt mācīties		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction sākt mācīties		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction sākt mācīties		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence sākt mācīties		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence sākt mācīties		new info, comment
topic sākt mācīties		what an uterrance is about
comment sākt mācīties		what is said about the topic
contrast sākt mācīties		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by sākt mācīties		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting sākt mācīties		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation sākt mācīties		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation sākt mācīties		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation sākt mācīties		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence sākt mācīties		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft sākt mācīties		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive sākt mācīties		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np sākt mācīties		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order sākt mācīties		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context sākt mācīties		contrast, givenness/newness
given information sākt mācīties		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information sākt mācīties		focal information
new information sākt mācīties		focus/focal information
new information sākt mācīties		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure sākt mācīties		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice sākt mācīties		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice sākt mācīties		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik sākt mācīties		counterpart
zrozumienie sākt mācīties		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft sākt mācīties		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop sākt mācīties		drink
Dative construction sākt mācīties		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation sākt mācīties		bring
benefactive alternation sākt mācīties		buy
middle alternation sākt mācīties		cut
causative/inochative sākt mācīties		melt
locative alternation sākt mācīties		locative
locative alternation sākt mācīties		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic sākt mācīties		incompatible
elapse sākt mācīties		upływać (time)
i think...... is... sākt mācīties		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now sākt mācīties		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table sākt mācīties		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying sākt mācīties		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... sākt mācīties		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements sākt mācīties		beavers build dams
timeless statements sākt mācīties		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) sākt mācīties		haste makes waste
plot summary sākt mācīties		Hamlet dies...
future statement sākt mācīties		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary sākt mācīties		he shoots. he scores
reporting info sākt mācīties		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs sākt mācīties		tap, kick, flash
copula v sākt mācīties		remain
ditransitive sākt mācīties		ask
prepositional verb sākt mācīties		look after
shifts in meaning -passive sākt mācīties		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning sākt mācīties		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive sākt mācīties		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old sākt mācīties		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin sākt mācīties		lexical entry
direct object sākt mācīties		np/clause
license purpose clauses sākt mācīties		only agent
complementizers - finite sākt mācīties		that, wherher
complementizers non finite sākt mācīties		for

descriptive grammar

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