jautājums |
atbilde |
someone charged with a crime the defendant in a criminal proceeding sākt mācīties
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case brought in court, seeking damages for a tort sākt mācīties
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criminal deed or act - compare to mens rea, which means the criminal intent sākt mācīties
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to act as a judge in a dispute; to make a formal decision about something sākt mācīties
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body of law, such as rules, regulations, orders and decisions, created by and related to administrative agencies sākt mācīties
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law regarding the relationship where one person /the agent/ acts and is authorised to act for another /the principal/ sākt mācīties
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written agreement between states or nations governed by international laws sākt mācīties
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agreement /international/
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form or method or resolving disputes apart from litigation sākt mācīties
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alternative dispute resolution /ADR/
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impartial person given power to decide a dispute sākt mācīties
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collective body of arbitrators or arbiters sākt mācīties
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form of dispute resolution /an alternative to litigation through the court system/ in which disputes are heard and decided by an impartial arbitrator or arbitrators, chosen by the parties to the dispute sākt mācīties
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impartial person having power to decide a dispute sākt mācīties
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/UK/ document that defines a company's internal organisation /US - bylaws/ sākt mācīties
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intentional attempt or threat to injure another person that causes them to reasonably expect to be harmed sākt mācīties
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person who receives an assignment sākt mācīties
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transfer of one's contractual rights to a third party sākt mācīties
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person who transfers his/her rights or duties to another sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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where proof of liability must be shown to be more likely than not sākt mācīties
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law regarding a legal procedure for the settling of debts of individuals or businesses unable to pay what they owe; all their property is surrendered to a court-appointed official who liquidates the property to pay the claims of creditors sākt mācīties
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/UK/ lawyer admitted to plead at the bar and in superior courts; a member of one of the Inns of Court sākt mācīties
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group of individuals elected by shareholders to make the major decisions of the company sākt mācīties
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organisation or entity /active inernationally/ sākt mācīties
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failure to perform a contractual obligation or inference with another party's performance which incurs a right for the other party to claim damages sākt mācīties
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party violating the terms of the contract sākt mācīties
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requirement of presenting enough evidence to support a claim sākt mācīties
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unlawful entering of a building with the intent to commit a crime sākt mācīties
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legally recognised organisational structure designed to provide and sell goods and services; basically, three separate categories of entites exist: sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies /US - corporations/ sākt mācīties
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field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper /or owner/ of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods sākt mācīties
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document issued by a governmental authority granting a company status of a legal entity sākt mācīties
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certificate of incorporation
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to make a formal accusation of a crime sākt mācīties
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international agreement granting certain rights to an international body by the signatory nations of such agreement sākt mācīties
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personal property /excluding freeholds/ sākt mācīties
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any case concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies sākt mācīties
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set of laws in written formulation used in civil-law systems developed from Roman law and used in many European countries sākt mācīties
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1. legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2. area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies sākt mācīties
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injury or damage that is not the result of a crime sākt mācīties
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person who brings civil action sākt mācīties
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/UK/ - claimant; /US/ - plaintiff
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paragraph or section of a contract sākt mācīties
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body of law governing the relations between persons engaged in business sākt mācīties
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dealing and acts or carrying out of commercial functions including procedures of creation, transformation, agreements and exchanges, in conducting and negotiationg business and econominc activities sākt mācīties
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body of law formed through judicial/court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation /also case law, judge-made law/ sākt mācīties
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alternative to prison, a criminal entence that requires the offender to do unpaid work in the community sākt mācīties
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/UK/ institution created to conduct business, usually an association of persons /US - corporation/; it exists as a separate legal entity from the owners /who are called shareholders/; in common usage, it is sometimes used just to refer to a business sākt mācīties
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process of registering a company; companies can be created by individuals, agents, attorneys or accountants; the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA today are formed electronically sākt mācīties
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body of law related to forming, registering, governing and dissolving companies sākt mācīties
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study of the differences, similiarities and interrelationships between different legal systems sākt mācīties
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payment for performance of work or for loss sustained sākt mācīties
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as a result of a lawsuit, the award of an amount of money to the injured party in an amount equivalent to the financial value of his injury sākt mācīties
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body of law that regulates business activities and markets, especially agreements and practices that limit competition sākt mācīties
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/UK - competition law/ /US - antitrust law/
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something of vaule given by one party to another in order to induce the other to contract; in common law, consideration is a necessary element for an enforceable contract sākt mācīties
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documents which define the existence of a legal entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members; the exact form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity sākt mācīties
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body of law which includes legislation based on the constitution, that is the fundamental law of a nation, as well as judicial decisions which interpret and apply the constitution sākt mācīties
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struggle of effort, causing, involving, or characterised by argument or controversy peraining to causes between opposing parties; it commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract and also maybe be known as litigation sākt mācīties
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written agreement between states of nations governed by international laws, e.g. the Bern Convention with respect to the protection of copyrights sākt mācīties
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convention /international/
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transfer of property rights in land from one person to another; instrument used to transfer title to property sākt mācīties
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finding of guilt in a criminal case sākt mācīties
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punishment inflicted on the body, such as whipping sākt mācīties
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lawyer representing a party in a legal matter, any person conducting a matter in court sākt mācīties
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new offer with new terms made as a reply to an offer received sākt mācīties
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place where cases are heard and justice administered; the judges and all other officers and jury are also referred to as the court sākt mācīties
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person or company who is owed a financial obligation sākt mācīties
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a violation of public law which is subject to punishment such as imprisonment or fine sākt mācīties
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area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties /also penal law/ sākt mācīties
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long-established practice recognised as having the force of law sākt mācīties
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international law that has not been made manifest or ratified, but is based primarily on natural law and is recognised by the International Court of Justice and the member nations of UN sākt mācīties
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customary international law
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group of nations or tariff areas created to remove customs barriers between them and to agree to a common tariff policy in realtion to non-member nations sākt mācīties
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money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury sākt mācīties
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law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another; it may include insolvency, bankruptcy, foreclosures and repossessions sākt mācīties
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a written instrument transferring ownership in property sākt mācīties
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person against whom an action is brought in court sākt mācīties
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defendant /also respondent/
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period before trial when formal procedures are used to obtain relevant information from the other party/parties sākt mācīties
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disposing of, parting with or otherwise giving up of property; transferring care or possession sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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persons including companies or agencies involved in disagreement sākt mācīties
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body of law governing the relationship between employers and employees, including the right to organise in unions sākt mācīties
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to make effective; in the case of an agreement, it is where one party legally compels performance by the other party sākt mācīties
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legally compelling performance by the other party sākt mācīties
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carrying out of judicial mandates, usually orders sākt mācīties
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enforcement of judgements
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legal principles applied to achieve fairness where the strict rules of law would be too harsh sākt mācīties
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provisions required for a contract to exist sākt mācīties
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estate granted only for the life of someone other than the grantee sākt mācīties
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sole use and benefit of a property sākt mācīties
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death penalty, capital punishment sākt mācīties
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body of law related to family relationships especially divorce sākt mācīties
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whole interest in a piece of real property; the broadest interest in property allowed by common law sākt mācīties
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estate which lasts as long as the original grantee or any of his descendants live sākt mācīties
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grave crime punishable by a harsher sentence than misdemeanour, which is a less serious crime sākt mācīties
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to deliver a document to the custody or records of a court or proper authorities for the purpose of being kept as a matter of record and reference sākt mācīties
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act of bringing a contract into existence sākt mācīties
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international agreement that provides astandards and guidelines for signatory nations to implement on a national level, e.g. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change sākt mācīties
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the act of misleading someone so as to entice them to enter into an agreement sākt mācīties
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fraudulent misrepresentation /fraud in the inducement/
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is not determined sākt mācīties
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a dispute in court that has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and/or fact sākt mācīties
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a financial loss which can be reasonably expected to occur in the future sākt mācīties
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the process of moving towards a more interconnected world sākt mācīties
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department, authority, administration of government created by legislation sākt mācīties
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party who receives title to real property /e.g. the buyer/ sākt mācīties
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party who transfers /grants/ title to real property /e.g. the seller/ sākt mācīties
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amount of proof needed to convict a defendant of a crime sākt mācīties
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guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
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process of nations adopting laws which are similar to or the same as other nations sākt mācīties
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harmonisation /unification/
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formal proceeding before any body having decision-making powers or authority sākt mācīties
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person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property on the death of another sākt mācīties
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body of law relating to the rights of tenants and homeowners, and the financing of housing sākt mācīties
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third party appointed to decide a dispute sākt mācīties
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being confined in jail or prison sākt mācīties
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imprisonment /also incarceration/
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property which can be transferred upon death to a person designated as heir sākt mācīties
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official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something sākt mācīties
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person whose legally protected interests have been harmed sākt mācīties
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use of confidential, price-sensitive information when trading in stocks and other securities sākt mācīties
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insider dealing /US - insider trading/
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written formal legal document sākt mācīties
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law of property that protects legal rights associated with products of the mind, creativity or thought like copyrights, patents and trademarks sākt mācīties
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intellectual property law
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non-criminal, non-contractual injury in which the person who caused it intended to cause injury sākt mācīties
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tort of intentionally causing a breach of a valid contract sākt mācīties
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interference in contractual relations
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international institutions established by governments as opposed to organisations established privately and acting internationally sākt mācīties
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intergovernmental organisations
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arbitration of disputes between parties to international commercial contracts sākt mācīties
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international arbitration
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public official who hears and decides cases in court sākt mācīties
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territory or district in which a court has authority to hear cases sākt mācīties
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science or philosophy of law, study of legal systems and a collective term used for the body of case law sākt mācīties
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group of people selected to come to a verdict on questions of fact based on evidence presented in court sākt mācīties
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body of law relating to the ownership of real estate, that is land and the buildings on it sākt mācīties
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includes both contract and property law, and governs the commercial and residential property rights and obligations of an owner and renter of a real property interestfor a given period of time, usually determined by lease sākt mācīties
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person who owns property and either rents it or leases it to another for money sākt mācīties
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facility offering free or discounted legal assistance, often run by law students under supervision of lawyers sākt mācīties
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company formed by lawyers to engage in the practice of law sākt mācīties
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law firm /also law practice/
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action or proceeding brought in court sākt mācīties
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contract for which the use and occupation of a property is conveyed to another, usually in exchange for a sum of money /rent/ sākt mācīties
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is fixed or capable of being fixed sākt mācīties
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advice and representation in legal matters sākt mācīties
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broad system of rules on which to make decisions sākt mācīties
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artificial entity created by law and given legal rights and duties, for example a corporation sākt mācīties
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selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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to be legally responsible sākt mācīties
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a right to use property for a purpose without conferring ownership or possession; such right can be taken away at the will of the one granting the right sākt mācīties
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person to whom the right to use property for a particular purpose is granted sākt mācīties
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estate granted only for the life of the grantee sākt mācīties
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limitation of an owner/investor's financial losses or responsibility, usually limited to the value of person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability sākt mācīties
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dispute brought before a court for determination or solution sākt mācīties
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to lose one's ability to make a living sākt mācīties
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loss of earnings capacity
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method of resolving disputes where the parties are actively involved in the decision-making process sākt mācīties
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legal document that sets out the important elements of the corporation, including its name, address, objects and powers; it is one of the two fundamental documents upon which registration of a company is based sākt mācīties
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memorandum of association /US - articles of incorporation/
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criminal intent - compare to actus reus, the criminal act) sākt mācīties
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institution which deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions sākt mācīties
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petty offence, a crime less serious than a felony sākt mācīties
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misdemeanour /US - misdemeanor/
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statement that is false, misleading or contains a mistake sākt mācīties
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privilege granted by the government /e.g. patent/ to a person or entity to exclude all others from using, producing or selling a certain invention sākt mācīties
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transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt sākt mācīties
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independent state in which the majority of the citizens share the same cultural heritage and, particulary, the same language sākt mācīties
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failure to be as careful as the law demands sākt mācīties
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unintended injury caused by lack of care or failure to act, in contrast to an intentional tort sākt mācīties
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written and signed documents which represent an intangible right of payment for a specified sum of money on demand or at a defined time; some examples are bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheques or certificates of deposit sākt mācīties
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negotiable instruments /US - commercial paper/
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process in which parties who are considering forming a contract discuss and settle on the terms and conditions of the contract sākt mācīties
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party to a contract who has suffered a breach by the breaching party sākt mācīties
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work that largely involves advising clients and is not between contending parties, such as the drafting of contracts sākt mācīties
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commonly accepted standard of behaviour or manner of doing things sākt mācīties
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court's finding acquittal, finding that the defendant is legally blameless sākt mācīties
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duties that a party has as a result of the terms and conditions of the contract sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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person who commits a crime sākt mācīties
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unwritten, binding agreement sākt mācīties
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direction or command by an authorised person or body sākt mācīties
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like framework convention, but used generally in the EU context sākt mācīties
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physical, mental and emotional distress or trauma for which compensation is given in a tort case sākt mācīties
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early release from prison after serving part of the sentence, usually under supervision and upon certain conditions sākt mācīties
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business organisation in which two or more people agree to do business together, sharing the profits and losses of the business together sākt mācīties
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person taking part in a business or transaction, person involved in a suit or dispute resolution proceedings sākt mācīties
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grant from the government giving exclusive rights to an inventor to make, use or sell an invention for a specified period of time sākt mācīties
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things that are movable /as opposed to real property/ and capable of being owned sākt mācīties
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personal property /also chattels in common law/
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sometimes called an artificial person or legal entity/person; it is legal fiction of identity in law which allows natural persons to act as if they were a single composite individual for certain purposes such as creating a business entity or structure sākt mācīties
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stealing something of low value /in some jurisdictions less than $400/, in contrast to grand theft where the value of the stolen goods is greater sākt mācīties
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formal written statements setting out the cause of action or defence in case sākt mācīties
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standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side's case must be more probable than not sākt mācīties
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preponderance of the evidence
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work carried out before the matter proceeds to trial before a court sākt mācīties
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body of law dealing with disputes between private persons living in different jurisdictions and governing such things as applicable law, jurisdictions and enforcement of judgements sākt mācīties
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private international law /also conflict of laws/
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body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned; it includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, etc. sākt mācīties
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sentence which allows the convicted offender to be released into the community under supervision instead of going to prison sākt mācīties
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formal process including the steps taken in action or dispute sākt mācīties
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share, claim, title or right in property sākt mācīties
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sākt mācīties
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bringing a criminal case before a court sākt mācīties
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lawyer who brings criminal cases on behalf of the state sākt mācīties
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performing a sexual act in exchange for money sākt mācīties
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body of laws governing relationships between states or nations sākt mācīties
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body of law that deals with the relationship between the state and individuals; examples may include constitutional law, criminal law, tax law and administrative law sākt mācīties
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behaviour that is criminalised because it is not compatible with society's shared values; there is usually no direct victim but the community, as a whole, suffers; e.g. drug crimes, public drunkenness and gambling sākt mācīties
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business structure which is permitted to offer its shares for sale to the general public and traded on a public stock exchange sākt mācīties
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compensation designed to punish the breaching party for conduct found to be reprehensible; e.g. fraud sākt mācīties
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punitive damages /also exemplary damages/
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unlawful sexual intercourse commited by force or threat or otherwise without consent sākt mācīties
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to adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle to affirm by express or implied consent to something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty or contract; to ratify a nomination sākt mācīties
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land and anything attached to it sākt mācīties
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land, including anything attached to it sākt mācīties
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law associated with the obligations, use and rights of ownership of land or whatever is growing on it or built on it sākt mācīties
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cost of medical care for injuries caused by a tort for which compensation is given in a tort case sākt mācīties
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reasonable medical expenses
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act of regulating by a rule of conduct or order usually issued by a government agency or established authority having the force of law sākt mācīties
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official responsible for the control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest, who ensures compliance with laws and established rules and regulations sākt mācīties
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actions by a party showing that he or she expected another party to act in a certain way sākt mācīties
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granting of a remedy by a court /e.g. damages, injunciton, return of property etc./ sākt mācīties
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systems of legal rules based on realigious teachings sākt mācīties
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religious /or theological/ legal systems
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to enforce a right, cure a wrong or compensate an injury sākt mācīties
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payment made to a landlord or landlady for the use of property sākt mācīties
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right to specific use of property that is less than a full right of ownership sākt mācīties
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interests that are recognised and protected by law sākt mācīties
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loans or credit transactions in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay sākt mācīties
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investment instruments like stocks or bonds sākt mācīties
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to impose a certain punishment sākt mācīties
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1. agreement reached between the parties to a dispute resolving the dispute; 2. the amount granted or paid under such an agreement sākt mācīties
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owners of a share of a company/corporation through a proportionate ownership interest of stock or equity sākt mācīties
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those who invest money in a business entity and receive shares in return representing a proportional ownership sākt mācīties
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used to refer to the system of legal rules used in socialist countries sākt mācīties
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socialist law /also Soviet law/
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lawyer who practises on his/her own sākt mācīties
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single person who earns all the profits and is personally liable for all the debts or losses of the business structure sākt mācīties
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/UK/ lawyer who is qulified to give legal advice and prepare legal documents sākt mācīties
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when a court orders the breaching party to perform its part of a contract sākt mācīties
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amount of evidence needed in a certain type of case, for example in criminal case it is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in civil cases it is a preponderance of the evidence sākt mācīties
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piece of legislation which declares that certain kinds of contract, for example those regarding land, pending marriage and the sale of goods worth over a certain amount of money, will be invalid unless put into writing and signed by both parties; sākt mācīties
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Statute of Frauds (enacted in England in 1677, serves as a basis for the US statutes)
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standardised documents of basic corporate constitution requirements, which a company may adopt in the creation of a company sākt mācīties
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statutory forms /statute/
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crime that does not require intent to break the law; among these crimes are parking violations and acts that endanger public welfare, like dumping of toxic wastes sākt mācīties
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where liability is imposed for damages caused regardless of fault or intent; that means the victim does not need to prove negligence; it is common in cases regarding defectively manufactured products sākt mācīties
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body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural sākt mācīties
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to start civil proceedings in a court sākt mācīties
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international law dealing with the constraint on the rights of states or nations in relation to each other sākt mācīties
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law regulating rates or sums of money which may be assessed on personal and business income, real property vaules, and commercial transactions paid for the financial support of a government sākt mācīties
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person who has a right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent sākt mācīties
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person who is not party to an agreement or an action but who may have an interest in it sākt mācīties
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third party /third-party beneficiary/
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right to control or dispense of property or the right to ownership in property sākt mācīties
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any wrongdoing that results in an injury, other than breach of contract for which the court will give damages sākt mācīties
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person who commits a tort sākt mācīties
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wrongful acts in the nature of a tort sākt mācīties
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treaty or enforceable arrangement between two nations or multi-nations committing them to specified terms of commerce, usually involving mutually beneficial concessions including eliminating trade barriers sākt mācīties
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unlawful invasion of the person, property or rights of another sākt mācīties
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legal examination in court of a dispute between parties sākt mācīties
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acts by businesses against consumers which are misleading or fraudulent sākt mācīties
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unfair business practices
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law which has become the same or similar in different nations sākt mācīties
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injured party or the person was the object of a crime or tort sākt mācīties
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non-violent offences usually committed by business people or government officials, typically property crimes and economic crimes; also includes bribery, environmental law violations and money laundering, among many others sākt mācīties
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white-collar crime /business/corporate crime/
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