Old English (Historical Linguistics)

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jautājums English atbilde English
What is the phonetic representation of the < a > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[ɑ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ā > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[ɑː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < e > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[e]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ē > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[eː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < i > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[i]
What is the phonetic representation of the < Ī > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[iː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < o > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[o]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ō > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[oː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < u > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[u]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ū > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[uː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < y > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[y]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ȳ > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[yː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ea > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[æə]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ēa > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[æɑ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < eo > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[eə]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ēo > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[eo]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ie > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[i]
What is the phonetic representation of the < īe > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[iː]
What is the phonetic representation of the < f > grapheme when between vowels?
sākt mācīties
[v]
What is the phonetic representation of the < f > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[f]
What is the phonetic representation of the < þ > grapheme when between vowels?
sākt mācīties
[ð]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ð > grapheme when between vowels?
sākt mācīties
[ð]
What is the phonetic representation of the < þ > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[θ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ð > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[θ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < s > grapheme when between vowels?
sākt mācīties
[z]
What is the phonetic representation of the < s > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[s]
What is the phonetic representation of the < c > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[k]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ċ > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[tʃ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme at the start of a word?
sākt mācīties
[g]
What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme after an 'n'?
sākt mācīties
[g]
What is the phonetic representation of the < g > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[ɣ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ġ > grapheme after 'n'?
sākt mācīties
[dʒ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ġ > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[j]
What is the phonetic representation of the < h > grapheme at the start of words?
sākt mācīties
[h]
What is the phonetic representation of the < h > grapheme elsewhere?
sākt mācīties
[x] or [ç]
What is the phonetic representation of the < r > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[r/ɾ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < an > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[ɒn]
What is the phonetic representation of the < on > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[ɒn]
What is the phonetic representation of the < sċ > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[ʃ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < ċġ > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[dʒ]
What is the phonetic representation of the < Ƿ > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[w]
What is the phonetic representation of the < hÞ > grapheme?
sākt mācīties
[ʍ]
When was Old English spoken?
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c. 450 - c. 1100
Who brought the English language to Great Britain?
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Germanic people from the areas of northern Germany and southern Denmark
When did Germanic tribes come to Great Britain?
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Around 450
What were the names of the three tribes that legends say brought English to Great Britain?
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Jutes, Angles, and Saxons (collectively referred to as Anglo-Saxons)
Who were the legendary leaders of the tribes that brought English to Great Britain?
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Hengist and Horsa
How many cases did Old English have?
sākt mācīties
5
What are the 5 cases in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Partitive, Dative, Instrumental
What is the Nominative case used for in Old English?
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Direct address, subject predicative/complement
What is the Accusative case used for in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Direct object, object of some prepositions
What is the Genitive case used for in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Possessive
What is the Partitive case used for in Old English?
sākt mācīties
idk
What is the Dative case used for in Old English?
sākt mācīties
ndirect object, substituting a preposition, object of preposition
What is the Instrumental case used for in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Instrument (by means of, with)
How many grammatical genders did Old English have?
sākt mācīties
3
What are the 3 grammatical genders in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Feminine, masculine, neuter
What percentage of Old English nouns are strong nouns?
sākt mācīties
Around 60%
What is the pattern for masculine strong nouns in Old English (e.g., bāt)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: bāt A.: bāt G.: bātes D.: bāte N/A pl.: bātas G.: bāta D.: bātum
What are the endings for neuter strong nouns with short stems (e.g., scip)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: scip A.: scip G.: scipes D.: scipe N/A pl.: scipu G.: scipa D.: scipum
What are the endings for neuter strong nouns with long stems (e.g., þing)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: þing A.: þing G.: þinges D.: þinge N/A pl.: þing G.: þinga D.: þingum
What defines a short stem in neuter strong nouns?
sākt mācīties
Short vowel + 1 consonant (e.g., scip, bæb)
What defines a long stem in neuter strong nouns?
sākt mācīties
Long vowel + 1 consonant (e.g., bān) or short vowel + more than 1 consonant (e.g., word, bedd, land)
What are the endings for feminine strong nouns with short stems (e.g., scinu)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: scinu A.: scine G.: scine D.: scine N/A pl.: scina, -e G.: scina D.: scinum
What are the endings for feminine strong nouns with long stems (e.g., glōf)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: glōf A.: glōfe G.: glōfe D.: glōfe N/A pl.: glōfa, -e G.: glōfa D.: glōfum
What percentage of Old English nouns are weak nouns?
sākt mācīties
Around 30%
What characterizes weak nouns in Old English?
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Little inflectional variety
What are the endings for masculine weak nouns (e.g., nama)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: nama A.: naman G.: naman D.: naman N/A pl.: naman G.: namena, -a D.: namum
What are the endings for neuter weak nouns (e.g., ēare)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: ēare A.: ēare G.: ēaran D.: ēaran N/A pl.: ēaran G.: ēarena, -a D.: ēarum
What are the endings for feminine weak nouns (e.g., sunne)?
sākt mācīties
N.sg.: sunne A.: sunnan G.: sunnan D.: sunnan N/A pl.: sunnan G.: sunnena, -a D.: sunnum
What defines masculine weak nouns in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Nom.sg. ending in -a (e.g., cnapa, guma, oxa)
What defines neuter weak nouns in Old English?
sākt mācīties
ēage, ēare, wange (only these 3)
What defines feminine weak nouns in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Nom.sg. ending in -e (e.g., sunne, tunge)
How do adjectives in Old English differ from nouns?
sākt mācīties
Adjectives agree with their nouns in number, gender, and case
When are adjectives in Old English declined weak?
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When modified by a demonstrative pronoun, possessive pronoun, or an adjective, possessive noun phrase, and in vocative expressions
When are adjectives in Old English declined strong?
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In other situations
What are the basic features of verbs in Old English?
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Inflected in first, second, and third person, singular and plural; two tenses (present and past); three moods (imperative, subjunctive, indicative)
What moods did Old English have?
sākt mācīties
Imperative, subjunctive, indicative
What was the subjunctive mood used for in Old English?
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To express wish, doubt, possibility, or opinion
What was the indicative mood used for in Old English?
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Statements of facts
What are the four verbals in Old English?
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Infinitive, inflected infinitive, present participle, past participle
What is the main distinction between strong and weak verbs in Old English?
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The manner in which they form the past tense
How do weak verbs form the past tense in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Add a -d- or -t- suffix
How do weak verbs form the past participle in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Add a -d- or -t- suffix
How do strong verbs form the past tense in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Change a vowel in the stem
How do strong verbs form the past participle in Old English?
sākt mācīties
Add -en-
What is an example of a 'weird' weak verb in Old English?
sākt mācīties
sēċan (to seek): sēċe, sōhte, (ge)sōht
Why is sēċan considered a weak verb despite having an ablaut in the stem?
sākt mācīties
A fricative is added as a suffix in the past form
What are other examples of 'weird' weak verbs in Old English?
sākt mācīties
brengan: brenge, brōhte, (ge)brōht; pencan: ƿence, ƿōhte, (ge)ƿōht

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