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methodological individualism sākt mācīties
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individual actions as the determining factor in the explanation of social phenomena like markets and companies; for many scholars it is based on the ontological premise that social reality cannot be determined by supra-individual factor
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methodological collectivism - what it is based on? sākt mācīties
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based on the ontological premise that individual phenomena are determined by the structure in which they are imbedded; the whole is more than a sum of individual parts; individual actions are determined by what is available in the contextual whole
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methodological collectivism - definition sākt mācīties
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we should scrutinise functions, mechanisms and reasons at macro level if we want to explain, understand and predict social phenomena
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sākt mācīties
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explanations in which the function or goal of a phenomenon provides for the explanation of the phenomenon; functionalism focuses on the system and the role the phenomenon plays within such a system
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functional explanation - example sākt mācīties
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In biology male birds are more capable of seducing females if they are better singers - explanation based on the description of goals. We explain why birds sing by describing what they can achieve by doing so
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Difference between causality and functionality sākt mācīties
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causality assesses events preceding a phenomenon; functionality assesses the goal phenomenon serves
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functional and system explanations sākt mācīties
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functional explanations are always system explanations. They ask what os necessary for system to survive and function well and explain individual behaviour be showing how individ. behaviour serves this systemic goal. Clear theory whose goal it is
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Why is crime functional according to Durkheim? sākt mācīties
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Crime is functional cuz it reinforces and keeps the society together
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sākt mācīties
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participating in social practices is the only way to find out and learn to understand what people consider to be important
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premise of symbolic interactionism sākt mācīties
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people's behavior and choices are largely determined by norms within a group, even though choices and behaviour also contribute to the production and development of these norms
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sākt mācīties
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It is not to be understood as behaviour guided by a rule. You simply make up new rules describing your behaviour. These kind of rules are not of a prescriptive nature. There is no normativity in them, so you cannot fail in applying them
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sākt mācīties
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explanans (cause) -> explanandum (effect)
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sākt mācīties
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it explains the existence of sth from its function within a given system; explanans (function) -> explanandum
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1st Condition of Functional Explanations admission sākt mācīties
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General Causal feedback mechanism exists; i.e. biological evolution, economic competition, sociological legitimation
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2nd Condition of Functional Explanations admission sākt mācīties
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Higher order regulative system at play
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3rd condition of Functional Explanations admission sākt mācīties
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Fundamental issues with functional explanations sākt mācīties
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1. Confusion of Causes and Effect; 2. Assumption that there is a higher order system at play; 3. Assumption that the explanans are a necessary condition
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Hermeneutics - social reality consists of two types of facts sākt mācīties
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1. Brute (Natural) facts that exist independent of human existence (water); 2. Institutional facts - come to existence bcs of our collective intentions towards them that give them meaning (money, churches, firms)
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sākt mācīties
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it is about understanding a phenomenon in terms of their meaning, taking the 1 person's perspective on the phenomenon studied
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Two foundational concepts in hermeneutics sākt mācīties
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Sense Making as hermeneutical concept sākt mācīties
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ongoing, often retrospective interpretation of the meaning of actions; sense making entails developing one's intentions
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Enactment as a hermeneutical concept sākt mācīties
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affirming or giving meaning to the world by acting on one's intentions. This can be achieved through infusing the world with collective intentionality and institutional facts
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Epistemological implications sākt mācīties
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the social ontology institutions requires a first person's perspective to make sense of them; social meaning has a "rule-like" nature; social phenomena can serve both as explanans and explanandum in explaining social reality
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sākt mācīties
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based on logic of appropriateness; actors believe that the institutions exemplifies the appropriate thing to do; normative expectations enter into equation
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sākt mācīties
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based on logic of orthodoxy; actors just believe that "this is the way the world works"; beliefs are taken for granted and alternatives are often not even conceived; however beliefs held need not be true as a matter of fact
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