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—individualistic /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuəˈlɪstɪk; US / (also individualist) adj. an individualistic culture His music is highly individualistic and may not appeal to everyone. ▶ swoisty indywidualistyczny
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individuality /ˌɪndɪˌvɪdʒuˈæləti; US / noun [uncountable] the qualities that make sb/sth different from other people or things People often try to express their individuality by the way they dress. ▶ indywidualność
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individually, individually individually /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəli; US / adv. separately; one by one The teacher talked to each member of the class individually. ▶ indywidualnie pojedynczo oddzielnie
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indivisible /ˌɪndɪˈvɪzəbl; US / adj. that cannot be divided or split into smaller pieces ▶ niepodzielny
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□ indoctrination /ɪnˌdɒktrɪˈneɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ indoktrynacja indoctrinate /ɪnˈdɒktrɪneɪt; US / verb [transitive] to force sb to accept particular beliefs without considering others For 20 years the people have been indoctrinated by the government. ▶ indoktrynować
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indolent /ˈɪndələnt; US / adj. (formal) not wanting to work ▶ gnuśny leniwy SYNONYM lazy □ indolence /-əns; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ gnuśność lenistwo
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indoors /ˌɪnˈdɔ: z; US / adv. in or into a building Let’s go indoors. Oh dear! I’ve left my sunglasses indoors. ▶ w/do domu w/do budynku OPPOSITES outdoors, out of doors indoor /ˈɪndɔ:(r); US / adj. [only before a noun] done or used inside a building indoor games zawody halowe an indoor swimming pool basen kryty indoor shoes pantofle domowe ▶ odbywający się/używany wewnątrz budynku
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induce /ɪnˈdju: s; US -du: s / verb [transitive] (formal) 1 to make or persuade sb to do sth Nothing could induce him to change his mind. ▶ skłaniać 2 to cause or produce sth drugs that induce sleep ▶ wywoływać powodować
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inˈduction course noun [countable] (Brit.) a training course for new employees, students, etc. that is designed to give them a general introduction to the business, school, etc. ▶ kurs wprowadzający
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2[transitive] to give sb/sth what he/she/it wants or needs You shouldn’t indulge that child. It will make him very selfish. At the weekends he indulges his passion for fishing. ▶ pobłażać dogadzać ulegać (komuś/czyimś życzeniom itp.) /ɪnˈdʌldʒ/ 1 [i, t] indulge (yourself) (in sth) to allow yourself to have or do sth for pleasure I’m going to indulge myself and go shopping for some new clothes. Maria never indulges in gossip. ▶ pozwalać sobie (na coś) folgować sobie (w czymś)
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2[countable] something that you have or do because it gives you pleasure A cigar after dinner is my only indulgence. ▶ przyjemność ekstrawagancja indulgence /ɪnˈdʌldʒəns; US / noun 1 [uncountable] the state of having or doing whatever you want to lead a life of indulgence Over-indulgence in chocolate makes you fat. ▶ pobłażanie sobie oddawanie się (czemuś)
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indulgent /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt; US / adj. allowing sb to have or do whatever they want indulgent parents ▶ pobłażliwy łatwo ulegający □ indulgently /; US / adv. ▶ pobłażliwie z pobłażaniem
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industrial /ɪnˈdʌstriəl; US / adj. 1 [only before a noun] connected with industry industrial development/workers industrial chemicals ▶ przemysłowy 2 having a lot of factories, etc. an industrial region/country/town ▶ uprzemysłowiony
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Tego zwrotu używa się w języku formalnym. Ma odcień łagodniejszy niż strike, którego używa się w języku codziennym. industrial ˈaction noun [uncountable] action that workers take, especially stopping work, in order to protest about sth to their employers to threaten (to take) industrial action ▶ strajk
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inˌdustrial eˈstate (US inˌdustrial ˈpark) noun [countable] an area especially for factories, on the edge of a town ▶ teren przemysłowy
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industrialist /ɪnˈdʌstriəlɪst; US / noun [countable] a person who owns or manages a large industrial company ▶ przemysłowiec
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industrialization /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃn; US -ləˈz- / noun [uncountable] ▶ uprzemysłowienie industrializacjainˌdustrial reˈlations noun [pl.] relations between employers and employees ▶ stosunki między pracodawcami i pracownikami industrialize (also industrialise) /ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to develop industries in a country Japan industrialized rapidly at the end of the 19th century. the industrialized nations of the world ▶ uprzemysławiać (się
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industrious /ɪnˈdʌstriəs; US / adj. always working hard SYNONYM hard-working ▶ pracowity
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2[countable] the people and activities involved in producing sth, providing a service, etc. The new high-tech industries are replacing manufacturing industries in many areas. the tourist/catering/entertainment industry ▶ gałąź przemysłu branża industry /ˈɪndəstri; US / noun (pl. industries) ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1[uncountable] the production of goods in factories Is British industry being threatened by foreign imports? heavy/light industry ▶ przemysł
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inedible /ɪnˈedəbl; US / adj. (formal) not suitable to be eaten an inedible plant The food in the canteen is absolutely inedible. ▶ niejadalny
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ineffective /ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv; US / adj. not producing the effect or result that you want ▶ nieefektywny nieskuteczny
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□ inefficiency /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənsi; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ niewydajność nieskuteczność —inefficiently /; US / adv. ▶ niewydajnie nieskutecznie nieudolnie nieefektywnie /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt ; US / adj. not working or producing results in the best way, so that time or money is wasted an inefficient use of space Our heating system is very old and extremely inefficient. an inefficient secretary ▶ niewydajny nieskuteczny
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inelegant /ɪnˈelɪɡənt; US / adj. not attractive or elegant an inelegant fall an inelegant phrase ▶ nieelegancki OPPOSITE elegant □ inelegantly /; US / adv. ▶ nieelegancko
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□ ineligibility /ɪnˌelɪdʒəˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ brak kwalifikacji/uprawnień ɪnˈelɪdʒəbl; US / adj. ineligible (for/to do sth) without the necessary certificates, etc. to do or get sth She was ineligible for the job because she wasn’t a German citizen. ineligible to vote ▶ nie mający kwalifikacji/uprawnień/prawa (do czegoś)
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inequality /ˌɪnɪˈkwɒləti; US / noun [c, u] (pl. inequalities) (a) difference between groups in society because one has more money, advantages, etc. than the other There will be problems as long as inequality between the races exists. ▶ nierówność
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2 the physical force that keeps things where they are or keeps them moving in the direction they are travelling ▶ bezwładność inercja inertia /ɪˈnɜ:ʃə; US / noun [uncountable] 1 a lack of energy; not being able to move or change The inertia of the system makes change very difficult. ▶ opieszałość inercja
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nieunikniony, nieuchronny sākt mācīties
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—inevitably /ɪnˈevɪtəbli; US / adv. Building new roads inevitably creates huge problems. ▶ nieuchronnie niechybnieinevitability /ɪnˌevɪtəˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ nieuchronność inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəbl; US / adj. that cannot be avoided or prevented from happening With more cars on the road, traffic jams are inevitable. It was inevitable that she would find out the truth one day. ▶ nieunikniony nieuchronny
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inexact /ˌɪnɪɡˈzækt; US / adj. not accurate or exact an inexact description Economics is an inexact science. ▶ niedokładny
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inexcusable /ˌɪnɪkˈskju: zəbl; US / adj. that cannot be allowed or forgiven Their behaviour was quite inexcusable. inexcusable delays ▶ niewybaczalny
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inexhaustible /ˌɪnɪɡˈzɔ: stəbl; US / adj. that cannot be finished or used up completely Our energy supplies are not inexhaustible. ▶ niewyczerpany nieograniczony
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inexpensive /ˌɪnɪkˈspensɪv; US / adj. low in price an inexpensive camping holiday ▶ niedrogi tani SYNONYM cheap OPPOSITE expensive □ inexpensively /; US / adv. ▶ niedrogo
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inexperience /ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriəns; US / noun [uncountable] not knowing how to do sth because you have not done it before The mistakes were all due to inexperience. ▶ brak doświadczenia niedoświadczenie
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inexperienced /ˌɪnɪkˈspɪəriənst; US / adj. having little knowledge or experience of sth inexperienced drivers/staff inexperienced in modern methods a child too young and inexperienced to recognize danger ▶ niedoświadczony
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inexpert /ɪnˈekspɜ: t; US / adj. without much skill an inexpert dancer ▶ niewprawny niefachowy ⇨ look at expert □ inexpertly /; US / adv. ▶ niewprawnie niefachowo
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inexplicable /ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbl; US / adj. that cannot be explained Her sudden disappearance is quite inexplicable. ▶ niewytłumaczalny niewyjaśniony □ inexplicably /-əbli; US / adv. ▶ nie do wytłumaczenia w sposób niewytłumaczalny
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2 always doing what you want it to do; never failing No computer is infallible. ▶ niezawodny OPPOSITE for both meanings fallible □ infallibility /ɪnˌfæləˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ nieomylność niezawodność infallible /ɪnˈfæləbl; US / adj. 1 (used about a person) never making mistakes or being wrong Even the most careful typist is not infallible. ▶ nieomylny
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niesławny, cieszący się złą sławą sākt mācīties
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infamous /ˈɪnfəməs; US / adj. infamous (for sth) famous for being bad an infamous dictator The area is infamous for crime. ▶ niesławny haniebny
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infancy /ˈɪnfənsi; US / noun [uncountable] the time when you are a baby or young child: (figurative) Research in this field is still in its infancy (w powijakach). ▶ niemowlęctwo wiek niemowlęcy
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W języku codziennym częściej używa się określeń baby, toddler lub child. infant /ˈɪnfənt; US / noun [countable] a baby or very young child There is a high rate of infant mortality (wysoki wskaźnik umieralności noworodków). Mrs Davies teaches infants. 2 adults, 2 children, 1 infant ▶ niemowlę noworodek małe dziecko
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infantile /ˈɪnfəntaɪl; US / adj. (used about behaviour) typical of, or connected with, a baby or very young child and therefore not appropriate for adults or older children infantile jokes ▶ infantylny dziecinny
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infantry /ˈɪnfəntri; US / noun [uncountable, with sing. or pl. verb] soldiers who fight on foot The infantry was/were supported by heavy gunfire. ▶ piechota
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2 to make people share a particular feeling or emotion Paul’s happiness infected (udzieliła się) the whole family. ▶ (przen.) zarażać infect /ɪnˈfekt; US / verb [t] 1[passive] infect sb/sth (with sth) to cause sb/sth to have a disease or illness We must clean the wound before it becomes infected. Many thousands of people have been infected with the virus. ▶ zakażać zarażać
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infected /ɪnˈfektɪd; US / adj. containing harmful bacteria The wound from the dog bite had become infected. an infected water supply ▶ zakażony z zakażeniem
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Infections can be caused by bacteria or viruses. An informal word for these is germs. sākt mācīties
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2[countable] a disease or illness that is caused by harmful bacteria, etc. and affects one part of your body She is suffering from a chest infection. an ear infection ▶ infekcja zakażenie infection /ɪnˈfekʃn; US / noun ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW 1[uncountable] the act of becoming or making sb ill A dirty water supply can be a source of infection. There is a danger of infection. ▶ infekcja zakażenie
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infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs; US / adj. (used about a disease, illness, etc.) that can be easily passed on to another person Flu is a highly infectious disease. • (figurative) infectious laughter ▶ zaraźliwy zakaźny
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□ inference /ˈɪnfərəns; US / noun [countable] ▶ wniosek /ɪnˈfɜ:(r) / verb [t] (inferring; inferred) infer sth (from sth) to form an opinion or decide that sth is true from the information you have I inferred from our conversation that he was unhappy with his job. ▶ wnioskować wnosić (z czegoś, że)
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□ inferior noun [countable] She always treats me as her intellectual inferior (jako osobę intelektualnie gorszą). ▶ podwładn-y/a osoba o niższej/gorszej pozycji (np. społecznej) inferior /ɪnˈfɪəriə(r) / adj. inferior (to sb/sth) low or lower in social position, importance, quality, etc. This material is obviously inferior to that one. Don’t let people make you feel inferior. ▶ niższy (w hierarchii) gorszy
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inferiority, inferiority complex inferiˈority complex noun [countable] the state of feeling less important, clever, successful, etc. than other people ▶ kompleks niższości —inferiority /ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti; US; / noun [uncountable] ▶ niższość niższa pozycja (np. społeczna) gorszy gatunek
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□ infertility /ˌɪnfɜ:ˈtɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] infertility treatment ▶ bezpłodność jałowość nieurodzajność OPPOSITE fertility infertile /ɪnˈfɜ: taɪl; US -tl / adj. 1 (used about a person or an animal) not able to have babies or produce young ▶ bezpłodny 2 (used about land) not able to grow strong healthy plants ▶ nieurodzajny jałowy
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The kitchen was infested with ants. These parasites infest the gills of freshwater fish. ▶ (insekty, inne szkodniki) atakować infest /ɪnˈfest; US / verb [transitive, usually passive] (especially of insects or animals such as rats) to exist in large numbers in a particular place, often causing damage or disease shark-infested waters wody rojące się od rekinów
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infested /ɪnˈfestɪd; US / adj. infested (with sth) (used about a place) with large numbers of unpleasant animals or insects in it The warehouse was infested with rats. shark-infested waters ▶ opanowany (przez coś) rojący się (od czegoś) □ infestation /ˌɪnfeˈsteɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] an infestation of lice Scientists are checking for both insect and fungal infestation. ▶ plaga
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□ infiltration /ˌɪnfɪlˈtreɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ▶ przeniknięcie infiltracja przenikanie —infiltrator /ˈɪnfɪltreɪtə(r); US / noun [countable] ▶ osoba dokonująca infiltracji infiltrate /ˈɪnfɪltreɪt; US / verb [transitive] to enter an organization, etc. secretly so that you can find out what it is doing The police managed to infiltrate the gang of terrorists. ▶ przenikać infiltrować
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infinitely /ˈɪnfɪnətli; US / adv. very much Compact discs sound infinitely better than audio cassettes. ▶ nieskończenie o wiele infinite /ˈɪnfɪnət; US / adj. 1 very great You need infinite patience for this job. ▶ niewyczerpany ogromny 2 without limits; that never ends Supplies of oil are not infinite. ▶ nieograniczony nieskończony
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2 [uncountable, countable] (symbol ∞) (in mathematics) the number that is larger than any other ▶ nieskończoność infinity /ɪnˈfɪnəti; US / noun 1 [uncountable] space or time without end: (figurative) The ocean seemed to stretch over the horizon into infinity. ▶ bezkres wieczność nieskończoność
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infirm /ɪnˈfɜ: m; US / adj. ill or weak, e.g. because of old age ▶ niedołężny słaby □ infirmity /ɪnˈfɜ: məti; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. infirmities) weakness or illness ▶ niedołężność niemoc słabość
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infirmary /ɪnˈfɜ: məri; US / noun [countable] (pl. infirmaries) (used mainly in names) a hospital The Manchester Royal Infirmary ▶ szpital lecznica
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The latest revelations are set to inflame (rozjuszą) public opinion still further. ▶ rozpalać (uczucia) 2 to make a situation worse or more difficult to deal with The situation was further inflamed by the arrival of the security forces. ▶ zaogniać inflame /ɪnˈfleɪm; US / verb [t] (formal) 1 to cause very strong feelings, especially anger or excitement, in a person or in a group of people His comments have inflamed teachers all over the country. Her defiance inflamed his jealousy yet further.
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inflammation /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a condition in which a part of the body becomes red, sore and swollen because of infection or injury ▶ zapalenie stan zapalny inflamed /ɪnˈfleɪmd; US / adj. (used about a part of the body) red and swollen or painful because of an infection or injury ▶ zaogniony w stanie zapalnym
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Uwaga! Flammable ma to samo znaczenie, ale jest rzadziej używane. OPPOSITE non-flammable inflammable /ɪnˈflæməbl; US / adj. that burns easily Petrol is highly inflammable. ▶ łatwopalny palny
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inflatable /ɪnˈfleɪtəbl; US / adj. that can or must be filled with air an inflatable dinghy/mattress ▶ nadmuchiwany pneumatyczny
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inflate /ɪnˈfleɪt; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to fill sth with air; to become filled with air ▶ napompowywać nadymać (się) Mniej formalne słowo to blow up. OPPOSITE deflate
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inflation /ɪnˈfleɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] a general rise in prices; the rate at which prices rise High wage rises cause inflation. the inflation rate/rate of inflation Inflation now stands at 3%. ▶ inflacja
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2 (used about a material) difficult or impossible to bend ▶ nieelastyczny sztywny inflexibility /ɪnˌfleksəˈbɪləti; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ nieelastyczność sztywność nieugiętość —inflexibly /ɪnˈfleksəbli; US / adv. ▶ nieelastycznie sztywno inflexible /ɪnˈfleksəbl; US / adj. 1 that cannot be changed or made more suitable for a particular situation He has a very inflexible attitude to change. The rules are too inflexible to allow for human error. ▶ (przen.) nieelastyczny sztywny
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/ɪnˈflɪkt ; US / verb [transitive] inflict sth (on sb) to force sb to have sth unpleasant or that they do not want Don’t inflict your problems on me – I’ve got enough of my own. ▶ narzucać (np. swoje poglądy) zadawać (np. ból) nakładać (np. karę)
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2[countable] an influence (on sb/sth) a person or thing that affects or changes sb/sth cultural/environmental influences His new girlfriend has been a good influence on him (ma na niego dobry wpływ). ▶ czynnik/osoba wywierając-y/a wpływ influence1 /ˈɪnfluəns; US / noun 1[u, c] (an) influence (on/upon sb/sth) Her parents no longer have any influence over her. TV can have a strong influence on children. Nobody should drive while they are under the influence of alcohol. ▶ wpływ
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Drinking alcohol can affect your ability to drive. • The TV advertisements have influenced my attitude towards drinking and driving. sākt mācīties
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Czasowniki affect i influence mają podobne znaczenie. Czasownika affect zwykle używa się opisując zmiany materialne, podczas gdy influence odnosi się najczęściej do zmiany uczuć czy opinii: influence2 /ˈɪnfluəns/ verb [t] to have an effect on or power over sb/sth so that he/she/it changes You must decide for yourself. Don’t let anyone else influence you. Her style of painting has been influenced by Japanese art. ▶ wpływać oddziaływać
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influential /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl; US / adj. influential (in sth/in doing sth) having power or influence an influential politician He was influential (miał duży wpływ) in getting the hostages set free. ▶ wpływowy wywierający wpływ
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influx /ˈɪnflʌks; US / noun [countable, usually sing.] an influx (of sb/sth) (into...) large numbers of people or things arriving suddenly the summer influx of visitors from abroad ▶ napływ przypływ
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inform on sb to give information to the police, etc. about what sb has done wrong The wife of the killer informed on her husband. ▶ donosić na kogoś denuncjować kogoś inform /ɪnˈfɔ: m; US / verb [transitive] inform sb (of/about sth) to give sb information (about sth), especially in an official way You should inform the police of the accident. Do keep me informed (informuj mnie) of any changes. ▶ informować
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nieformalny, nieoficjalny sākt mācīties
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informality /ˌɪnfɔ:ˈmæləti; US / noun [uc] an atmosphere of informality atmosfera spotkania towarzyskiego ▶ nieformalność nieoficjalność —informally /-məli; US / adv. I was told informally that our plans had been accepted. ▶ nieformalnie informal /ɪnˈfɔ: ml; US / adj. relaxed and friendly or suitable for a relaxed occasion Don’t get dressed up for the party – it’ll be very informal. The two leaders had informal discussions before the conference began. ▶ nieformalny nieoficjalny
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informant /ɪnˈfɔ: mənt; US / noun [countable] a person who gives secret knowledge or information about sb/sth to the police or a newspaper The journalist refused to name his informant. ▶ informator/ka
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Uwaga! Rzeczownik information jest niepoliczalny. Nie można powiedzieć I need an information. Zamiast tego używa się wyrażeń a bit/a piece of information. information /ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] information (on/about sb/sth) knowledge or facts For further information please send for our fact sheet. Can you give me some information about evening classes in Italian, please? ▶ informacja
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computer science, information technology inforˌmation techˈnology noun [uncountable] (abbr. IT /ˌaɪ ˈti:; US /) the study or use of electronic equipment, especially computers, for collecting, storing and sending out information ▶ informatyka
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informative /ɪnˈfɔ: mətɪv; US / adj. giving useful knowledge or information ▶ informacyjny pouczający
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informed /ɪnˈfɔ: md; US / adj. having knowledge or information about sth Consumers cannot make informed choices (nie mogą dokonać przemyślanego wyboru) unless they are told all the facts. ▶ poinformowany oparty na posiadanej wiedzy
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informer /ɪnˈfɔ: mə(r); US / noun [countable] a criminal who gives the police information about other criminals ▶ donosiciel/ka konfident/ka
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infrared /ˌɪnfrəˈred; US / adj. (used about light) that produces heat but that you cannot see infrared radiation an infrared lamp ▶ podczerwony
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infrastructure /ˈɪnfrəstrʌktʃə(r); US / noun [countable, uncountable] the basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or an organization to run smoothly, for example transport, and water and power supplies ▶ infrastruktura
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infrequent /ɪnˈfri: kwənt; US / adj. not happening often infrequent visits ▶ rzadki nieczęsty OPPOSITE frequent □ infrequently /; US / adv. ▶ rzadko nieczęsto
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2[intransitive] infringe on/upon sth to reduce or limit sb’s rights, freedom, etc. She refused to answer questions that infringed on her private affairs. ▶ ograniczać naruszać (np. czyjeś prawa) infringe /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ; US / verb (formal) 1[transitive] to break a rule, law, agreement, etc. The material can be copied without infringing copyright. ▶ naruszać (np. prawo) łamać (np. prawo)
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infuriating /; US / adj. an infuriating habit ▶ doprowadzający do wściekłości/szału (bardzo) irytujący —infuriatingly /; US / adv. ▶ w sposób doprowadzający do wściekłości irytująco infuriate /ɪnˈfjʊərieɪt; US / verb [transitive] to make sb very angry ▶ rozwścieczyć wzburzyć
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3[intransitive, transitive] if you infuseherbs, etc. or they infuse, you put them in hot water until their flavour has passed into the water ▶ (herbata itp.) parzyć zaparzać naciągać sākt mācīties
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2[transitive] (formal) to have an effect on all parts of sth Politics infuses all aspects of our lives. ▶ dotyczyć czegoś mieć wpływ na coś infuse /ɪnˈfju: z; US / verb 1 [transitive] (formal) infuse A into B; infuse B with A to make sb/sth have a particular quality Her novels are infused with sadness. ▶ (przen.) przepełniać
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2[countable] a drink or medicine made by leaving herbs, etc. in hot water an infusion of chamomile ▶ napar wyciąg /ɪnˈfju:ʒn/ noun 1 [c, u] (formal) infusion of sth (into sth) the act of adding sth to sth else in order to make it stronger or more successful a cash infusion into the business an infusion of new talent into science education ▶ (przen.) zastrzyk
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2 (used about a person) full of new ideas and clever at finding solutions to problems or at inventing things ▶ pomysłowy □ ingeniously /; US / adv. ▶ pomysłowo —ingenuity /ˌɪndʒəˈnju:əti; US -ˈnu:- / noun [uncountable] ▶ pomysłowość ingenious /ɪnˈdʒi: niəs; US / adj. 1 (used about a thing or an idea) made or planned in a clever way an ingenious plan for making lots of money an ingenious device/experiment/invention ▶ pomysłowy
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2 one of the qualities necessary to make sth successful The film has all the ingredients of success. (przen.) ▶ składnik element ingredient /ɪnˈɡri: diənt; US / noun [countable] 1 one of the items of food you need to make sth to eat Mix all the ingredients together in a bowl. ▶ (kulin.) składnik
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Pytając o liczbę ludności w danym miejscu, należy powiedzieć: What is the population of...?, a nie How many inhabitants are there in...? Jednak odpowiadając na to pytanie, można powiedzieć: The population is 10 000./It has 10 000 inhabitants. sākt mācīties
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inhabitant /ɪnˈhæbɪtənt; US / noun [countable, usually pl.] a person or an animal that lives in a place The local inhabitants protested at the plans for a new motorway. ▶ mieszkan-iec/ka inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt; US / verb [transitive] to live in a place Are the Aran Islands still inhabited? ▶ zamieszkiwać mieszkać
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inhale /ɪnˈheɪl; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to breathe in Be careful not to inhale the fumes from the paint. ▶ wdychać
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inhaler /ɪnˈheɪlə(r); US / noun [countable] a small device containing medicine that you breathe in through your mouth, used by people who have problems with breathing ▶ inhalator
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□ inherently adv. No matter how safe we make them, cars are inherently dangerous. ▶ nieodłącznie z natury inherent /ɪnˈhɪərənt / adj. inherent (in sb/sth) that is a basic or permanent part of sb/sth and that cannot be removed The risk of collapse is inherent in any (jest nieodłącznym elementem każdego) business. ▶ nieodłączny właściwy (komuś/czemuś)
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dziedziczyć, dostawać w spadku sākt mācīties
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Osoba, która dziedziczy po kimś, to heir. 2 to receive a quality, characteristic, etc. from your parents or family She has inherited her father’s gift for languages. ▶ dziedziczyć (np. talent) inherit /ɪnˈherɪt; US / verb [transitive] inherit sth (from sb) 1 to receive property, money, etc. from sb who has died I inherited quite a lot of money from my mother. She left me $ 12 000 when she died. ▶ dziedziczyć dostawać w spadku
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dziedziczenie, dziedzictwo sākt mācīties
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inheritance /ɪnˈherɪtəns; US / noun [countable, uncountable] the act of inheriting; the money, property, etc. that you inherit inheritance tax podatek spadkowy ▶ dziedziczenie dziedzictwo
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2inhibit sb (from sth/from doing sth) to make sb nervous and embarrassed so that they are unable to do sth The fact that her boss was there inhibited her from saying what she really felt. ▶ powstrzymywać kogoś (przed czymś) inhibit /ɪnˈhɪbɪt; US / verb [transitive] 1 to prevent sth or make sth happen more slowly a drug to inhibit the growth of tumours ▶ hamować wstrzymywać
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inhibition /ˌɪnhɪˈbɪʃn/ n [c, u] a shy or nervous feeling that stops you from saying or doing what you really want After the first morning of the course, people started to lose their inhibitions (pozbywać się swoich zahamowań). ▶ zahamowanie hamulec □ inhibited /; US / adj. The young man felt shy and inhibited in the roomful of women. ▶ mający zahamowania spięty skrępowany
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2 (used about a person) not friendly or welcoming to guests ▶ niegościnny inhospitable /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/ adj. 1 (used about a place) not pleasant to live in, especially because of the weather the inhospitable Arctic regions ▶ (rejon itp.) surowy nieprzyjazny
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inhumane /ˌɪnhju:ˈmeɪn; US / adj. very cruel; not caring if people or animals suffer the inhumane conditions in which animals are kept on some large farms ▶ niehumanitarny okrutny nieludzki inhuman /ɪnˈhju: mən; US / adj. 1 very cruel and without pity inhuman treatment/conditions ▶ nieludzki okrutny 2 not seeming to be human and therefore frightening an inhuman noise ▶ nieludzki
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okrucieństwo, bestialstwo sākt mācīties
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inhumanity /ˌɪnhju:ˈmænəti; US / noun [uncountable] very cruel behaviour The 20th century is full of examples of man’s inhumanity to man. ▶ okrucieństwo bestialstwo
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niepowtarzalny, niezrównany sākt mācīties
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inimitable /ɪˈnɪmɪtəbl; US / adj. too good or individual for anyone else to copy with the same effect John related in his own inimitable way the story of his trip to Tibet. the inimitable Frank Sinatra ▶ niepowtarzalny niezrównany
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initial1 /ɪˈnɪʃl; US / adj. [only before a noun] happening at the beginning; first My initial reaction was to refuse, but I later changed my mind. the initial stages of our survey ▶ początkowy wstępny
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initial2 /ɪˈnɪʃl; US / noun [countable, usually pl.] the first letter of a name Alison Elizabeth Waters’ initials are A.E.W. a handkerchief with the initials M.S. ▶ inicjał pierwsza litera initial3 /ɪˈnɪʃl; US / verb [transitive] (initialling; initialled, US initialing; initialed) to mark or sign sth with your initials Any changes made when writing a cheque should be initialled by you. ▶ podpisywać się inicjałami parafować
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initially /ɪˈnɪʃəli; US / adv. at the beginning; at first I liked the job initially but it soon got quite boring. ▶ początkowo wstępnie
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