The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean

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jautājums atbilde
wrodzony
sākt mācīties
innate
I assure you it has nothing to do with bravery, or some innate motivation to break the big story.
zalewać
sākt mācīties
inundate
The Mediterranean markets were suddenly inundated with goods from across.
realny, wykonalny, opłacalny, rentowny
sākt mācīties
viable
His successor the Emperor Augustus thought that the parts of Germany that lay between the Rhine and the Elbe was a viable conquest.
wszechobecny, dominujący
sākt mācīties
pervasive
Incense separated these special places from the unpleasant pervasive stench of the filth-polluted ancient towns.
ograniczyć, zahamować, skrócić
sākt mācīties
curtail
Inflation was curtailed by increased supplies and prices fell back to affordable levels due to the additional imports.
chwiać się, opadać, potykać się
sākt mācīties
to falter
łagodny, pobłażliwy
sākt mācīties
lenient
Royal tributes were reduced to encourage hope that Roman rule would be lenient.
surowość, powaga, kryzys ekonomiczny
sākt mācīties
austerity
Rome departed from its traditional values of austerity.
naruszać, podawać w wątpliwość
sākt mācīties
contravene
Roman dealings with the distant East contravened this practice wth the mass export.
okazalość, wystawność
sākt mācīties
granduer
Empire was over and as long-term revenues faltered, imperial politics were increasingly decided by military contentions in the world of failing grandeur.
długość życia, trwałość, długowieczność
sākt mācīties
longevity
Yet the size and longevity of Rome's empire cannot be argued away.
wieżyczka, wieżą oblężnicza
sākt mācīties
turret
rywalizować, konkurować
sākt mācīties
to vie
Tacitus says that chieftains vied to prove their prowess.
przyznać, ustąpić, dać za wygraną, rezygnować
sākt mācīties
to concede
Even critics of empires must concede this about Rome.
czynić, nakładać karę, zadawać, pododować
sākt mācīties
to inflict
He inflicted a devastating defeat on his enemy.
skąpy, skromny, nędzny
sākt mācīties
meagre
meagre pay
uzależniony
sākt mācīties
reliant
for these were raiders reliant on their swords
styczny, sąsiadujacy, przylegly
sākt mācīties
adjacent
None of the other provinces was physically adjacent.
tępo, bez ogródek, szczerze
sākt mācīties
bluntly
It was solely the product of bluntly wielded military power
upływać (o czasie), mijac, przemijac
sākt mācīties
to elapse
This time had elapsed.
spór, sprzeczka, opinia, twierdzenie, współzawodnictwo
sākt mācīties
contentation
Imperial politics were increasingly decided by military contentations in a world of failing grandeur.
zaraza, plaga, epidemia
sākt mācīties
pestilence
Instead, think about the pestilence and death which we all share.
anulować, unieważnić
sākt mācīties
rescind
This measure was temporarily rescinded.
nadużycie, danina, narzucony ciężar
sākt mācīties
imposition
Marcus Aurelius did not have the funds required for the soldiers and he did not wish to inflict new impositions on the provincials of Senate.
pociecha, ukojenie
na "s"
sākt mācīties
solace
Christians could expect solace.
zły los, niedola, tarapaty
sākt mācīties
adversity
The concepts of duty in response to extreme adversity.
zawiazać ponownie, zrekonstruować
sākt mācīties
reconsitute
Rome had lost entire armies in previous battles, but it always had the manpower to quickly restore its losses and reconstitute its fighting forces.
stykający sie ze soba, graniczący
sākt mācīties
contiguous
The German nations do not have cities, they do not even tolerate closely contiguous dwellings.
zarażenie, rozprzestrzenianie sie choroby
sākt mācīties
contagion
A doctor named Porphyrio advised that the little girl should bathe frequently to restore her health and wash away the contagion.
obłożnie chory, przykuty do łózka
sākt mācīties
bedridden
First several of my servants grew sick in succession and the youngest to the oldest became bedridden.
podatny
Jestem dosyć podatna na ugryzienia komarów. Wydaje się, że uwielbiają smak mojej krwi.
sākt mācīties
susceptible
I'm quite vulnerable to getting mosquito bites. They seem to love the taste of my blood.
nieuleczalny
sākt mācīties
incurable
ulegać, poddawać sie czemuś
sākt mācīties
to succumb
But the invasion never occurred as there was a series of violent uprisings in Mesopotamia and Trajan succumbed to a terminal illness in AD 117.
nieurodzajny, jałowy
sākt mācīties
infertile
Smallpox leaves many survivors visually impaired or infertile.
nadwątlony, popsuty, upośledzony
sākt mācīties
impaired
Smallpox leaves many survivors visually impaired or infertile.
krosty, wysypka, wągrzyca
na "M"
sākt mācīties
measles
The epidemic was either an ancestral strain of smallpox or measles.
wycienczać, osłabiać
sākt mācīties
debilitate
In the space of a year, the Han military lost a third of its operational army, with many more soldiers debilitated by the disease.
zajadły, złośliwy, jadowity
sākt mācīties
virulent
In AD 160, a virulent new disease was released into the ancient world trade routes.
niezgodny z prawdą, fałszywy
sākt mācīties
fraudulent
He suggested that the delegates were fraudulent.
przylądek, cypel
sākt mācīties
promontory
He speculated that "the encircling land connects to Rhaptum promontory".
kasza jaglana, proso
sākt mācīties
millet
ustalać, swierdzać, upewniać się
sākt mācīties
ascertian
But nothing certain could be ascertained about their size.
duszny, ściśnięty, ograniczony
sākt mācīties
confined
The 900 mile-long Malay Peninsula was the barrier that confined Roman trade voyages to the Indian Ocean.
sztukmistrz, iluzjonista
sākt mācīties
conjurer
The embassy gave the Chinese Emperor diplomatic gifts that included exotic musicians and skilled conjurors.
nazbierać, gromadzić
sākt mācīties
to amass
But this process was interrupted when the old coins were offered wholesale to Roman traders amassing gold bullion for eastern export.
kość do gry
Kości zostaly rzucone
sākt mācīties
die
The die is cast.
fałszerstwo, oszust
na "c"
sākt mācīties
counterfeit
It was illegal to counterfeit Roman coins.
kamień szlachetny
sākt mācīties
gem
meritum, zasługa, wartość, zasługiwać na
sākt mācīties
merit
They suggested that the highly prosperous Anuradhapura Kindom had accountable rulers who were selected on merit by the Sinhalese nobility.
członek świty, służący
sākt mācīties
retainer
They travelled with a large group of retainers and brought precious stones and pearls as diplomatic gifts.
wyzwalać niewolnika
sākt mācīties
to manumit
Ploclamus had followed the widespread Roman practice of manumitting trusted slaves and making them his business associates.
szybować, ślizgać sie, sunąć
sākt mācīties
to glide
The shallow-hulled ships of the Tamils were able to glide over the Palk reefs to reach ports on the east coast of India.
powiernik oparty na zaufaniu
prawny termin
sākt mācīties
fiduciary
The denarius was so debased that it had only a fiduciary value.
wyrażać, wyświadczać, czynić, oddawać
sākt mācīties
to render
Therefore render to Ceasar the things that are Ceasar's, and to God the things that are God's
obliczanie, wynik
sākt mācīties
computation
He reports, 'be the smallest computation, India, the Seres and the Arabian Peninsula take 100 million sesterces from our Empire every year'
skarby, kolekcja, zbiory
sākt mācīties
hoard
Roman coin hoards.
opatrzyć wcześniejsza data, poprzedzić, mieć miejsce wcześniej
sākt mācīties
to predate
Pliny's warning that Indio-Roman trade was draining bullion from the Empire, therefore, predates this volcanic disaster.
sok roślinny, żywica, wycisnąć sok, podkopać, wyczerpać
sākt mācīties
sap
The Tamils did not cultivate grape vines but drank an alcoholic beverage known as 'toddy' produced from the fermented sap and fruit of palm trees.
przerażony, zaniepokojony
na "d"
sākt mācīties
dismayed
Martial was dismayed by the cost of buying the necessary ingredients.
ścierwo, padlina, tusza
sākt mācīties
carcass
He thought he could impress his guests by having the carcass stuffed with rich pepper.
spiżarnia
sākt mācīties
larder
Persius writes about prominent Romands, whose larders were overstocked with these gifts.
groszek
sākt mācīties
peas
do przyjęcia/przełknięcia, smakowity, smaczny
na "p"
sākt mācīties
palatable
foods palatable for a longer period
psująy się, nietrwały,
sākt mācīties
perishable
Peppers was added in small amounts to many ROman meals to enhance flavour and make perishable food.
mikstura, uknucię spisku
sākt mācīties
concoction
Pepper was also used in medical concoctions.
oszczędnie, skromnie, pobłażliwie, litościwie
sākt mācīties
sparingly
but used sparingly this quantity of spice
ostry smak, ciepkość, pikanteria
sākt mācīties
pungency
The berry of the pepper-plant is desirable only because of its pungency.
brud, plugastwo, rynsztokowy język
sākt mācīties
filth
covered in filth from the streets
udo
Chyba naciągnąłem mięsień w udzie, gdy robiłem przysiady.
sākt mācīties
thigh
I think I pulled a muscle in my thigh when I was doing squats.
konkubina, dama serca, kochanka
sākt mācīties
mistress
najważniejszy, główny, o kapitalnym znaczeniu
sākt mācīties
paramount
A pound of the best grade frankincense could be sold in Roman market for 10 denarii, so security was paramount at the facility.
oszpecenie
sākt mācīties
disfigurement
The weight of heavy pearl jewellery sometimes caused disfigurement.
małżowina uszna
sākt mācīties
earlobe
I see pearls, not single ones designed for each ear, but clusters of them on earlobes.
różaniec
sākt mācīties
beads
valuable pearl beads
pieszczota, pieścić
sākt mācīties
caress
She caresses these objects, covers them with kisses.
odradzać komuś coś, odwieść
sākt mācīties
to dissuade
I could not dissuade her from leaving.
wydłużony, pociągły
sākt mācīties
elongated
The greatest praise was awarded to pearls that had the faint translucence of alum crystals and pearls elongated into tear-shape.
pomyślny, obiecujący
sākt mācīties
auspicious
They symbolise auspicious achievements.
skazaniec
sākt mācīties
convict
The frankincense is handled by royal slaves and convicts.
główny, czołowy, naczelny
sākt mācīties
foremost
It used to be sold at a high price to the foremost Romans.
zmarły, nieboszczyk
sākt mācīties
deceased
a deceased child
być przywiązanym do, wysoko cenić, kochać, umiłować
sākt mācīties
to cherish
Beryl rings were cherished items.
rzemieślnik
taki który pracuje nad bardziej artystycznimy rzeczami niz tasmowo produkowanymi
sākt mācīties
artisan
znaczyć, wyrażać, dawać do zrozumienia
sākt mācīties
to signify
this decision signified a fundamental change in their priorities
wieszcz, jasnowidz
sākt mācīties
seer
Traditionally, these areas would be the domain of the ‘witch doctor’ or seer, wizard, shaman, wise man/woman, whatever they may be called.
gmach, budowla
sākt mācīties
edifice
The monks established communities in the valleys and hired stoneworkers to carve their religious edifices into the hill-side rock-face.
odbierać, wystąpić o zwrot
sākt mācīties
to reclaim
The Satavahana were able to reclaim their former west coast territories.
wywrócic do góry dnem
sākt mācīties
to capsize
Smaller vessels would capsize.
usunać kogoś ze stanowiska, zerwać, przemieścić
sākt mācīties
to dislodge
The returning tidal surge could dislodge restraining anchors.
odpływ, cofać sie
sākt mācīties
ebb
There are many rivers with extreme ebb and flood tides that occur during the new and full moon.
nierozcieńczony, szczery, czysty
sākt mācīties
undiluted
undiluted wine
personel, obsługa, asystent
sākt mācīties
attendant
Indian kings received Roman slaves who served as royal attendants.
maść, smarowidło
sākt mācīties
unguent
The Ladies in Waiting, having applied the unguent, retired to the dressing chamber.
wydzielina, śluz
sākt mācīties
mucus
Excess mucus occurs only in some pathological conditions, and makes its presence known in the stools.
nabijany ćwiekami, wysadzany
sākt mācīties
studded
richly studded with gems
szmaragd
sākt mācīties
emerald
czara
sākt mācīties
goblet
harry potter and the goblet of fire
regulujacy wydatki, normujacy zachowania
sākt mācīties
sumptuary
Roman sumptuary laws
przestudiować, przeczytać dokładnie
sākt mācīties
to peruse
Martial describes how a man named Mamurra perused the market stalls.
opieczętowanie
sākt mācīties
sealing
sealing wax
kawałęk, łuska, skorupa
sākt mācīties
shard
She gave him her hand, and he looked down at the small cut that had protruding from it a tiny shard of glass.
płonący, w płomieniach
sākt mācīties
ablaze
You like to have your hands ablaze with gems.
przetarty; wyświechtany, oklepany
sākt mācīties
threadbare
Unfortunately, the Cole royal commission may also end up the perfect mechanism for destroying the already threadbare authority of royal commissions.
zauroczenie, zaślepienie
sākt mācīties
infatuation
for the sake of infatuation
oszołomienie, zakłopotanie
sākt mācīties
bewilderment
His request was granted by the Emperor and Dio indicates the bewilderment of the Greek crowds whi gathered for this occasion.
wyląg, stado, plemie, pomiot
sākt mācīties
brood
a brood of colourful Indian snakes and a giant python
bażant
sākt mācīties
pheasant
an exotic pheasant
wierność, posłuszeństwo
sākt mācīties
allegiance
He held the allegiance of 600 minor sovereigns in northern India
pogłoski
na "h"
sākt mācīties
hearsay
Suetonius explains that these Indo-Scythian ambassadors were from nations previously known to us only through hearsay.
na mieliźnie
Gdy tylko zdasz sobie sprawę, że jesteś na mieliźnie, zatrzymaj się, ustawiając silnik na biegu wstecznym, jeśli jest to bezpieczne.
sākt mācīties
aground
As soon as you realise you are aground, stop by putting the engine into reverse if it is safe to do so.
soból, kary, czarny
sākt mācīties
sable
Silk route traffic reached the Indus, so Barbaricon offered silk and exotic animal furs, including mink and sable from the Asian steppe.
norka, futro z norek
sākt mācīties
mink
wnętrzności, trzewia
sākt mācīties
entrails
Burning a small quantity of costly incense became a more attractive alternative to killing an animal and burning its entrails.
żmija
sākt mācīties
viper
interpretacja, odtworzenie, przekład
sākt mācīties
interpretation, reproduction, translation
A concert rendition enables more concentration on the words without the distraction of stage action.
kamień nazębny, osad
sākt mācīties
tartar
When disintegrated by heat and ground-down it produced an abrasive calcined residue used to clean stained teeth and remove tartar.
żądlący, skąpy
sākt mācīties
stingy
You can stop being so stingy before the gods.
poprawiać, korygować
sākt mācīties
rectify
Roman regime was not able to rectify this trade imbalance.
zamglony, mglisty, zaparowany, spowity mgłą
na "M"
sākt mācīties
misty
Arabia was swept by misty monsoon clouds.
tępy, przytępiny, zaokrąglony na końcu, rozwarty (kąt)
sākt mācīties
obtuse
People are less obtuse and inhospitable.
życzliwość, uczynność, danina
sākt mācīties
benevolence
He really seemed somehow or others to fancy that his wife had piety and benevolence enough for two.
bubel, tandeta
sākt mācīties
shoddy
my cargo was shoddy.
linia brzegowa, nadmorski, wybrzeże
sākt mācīties
seaboard
The northern seaboard of Somalia
bysty, przebiegły sprytny
sākt mācīties
astute
In re-inventing Manchester for the new millennium, the city council has proved very astute.
przeznaczony, przewidziany na
sākt mācīties
destined
Most of the valuable goods sent into the region were destined for the king.
składować zapasy
sākt mācīties
to stockpile
There were foreign traders residing long-term in the Aksumite Kindom including Roman subjects whi sourced and stockpiled Africa goods.
szkatułka, urna
sākt mācīties
casket
an ivory casket
pojemnik, zbiornik
sākt mācīties
receptacle
Then you can simply screw the duplex receptacle onto the electrical box with the screws provided.
pochować, pogrzebać
na "i"
sākt mācīties
inter
Joseph, who is survived by his wife Ellen, three children, brothers and sister, will be interred in London.
bochenek
sākt mācīties
loaf
A simple loaf can surely be served on something other than an ivory footed table.
różnobarwny, różnorodny
sākt mācīties
variegated
The lung specimens from seven patients with IPF had a variegated appearance, with alternating zones of Obrosis and intervening patches of normal lung at low magnification.
półksieżyc
sākt mācīties
crescent
crescents of tortoise-shell
opieszały, leniwy, gnuśny
sākt mācīties
slothful
This is pretty good progress for you George, even accounting for your usual slothful approach to work.
leniwiec
Mógłby być atletą, ale zachowuje się jak leniwiec.
sākt mācīties
sloth
He could be an athlete but he behaves like a couch potato.
zdobić, przystroić
sākt mācīties
to adorn
We prefer to have some couches inlaid with ivory and others with tortoiseshell and in a similar manner, we adorn our speech.
fornirować, oklejać, tuszować
sākt mācīties
to veneer
Whilst others try to veneer or pepper their works with Californian melodies, The Forest are purists and for that, much more original than their peers.
donieść na, otwarcie oskarżyć, potepiać
sākt mācīties
to denounce
Horace denounced "vain riches".
wonny, aromatyczny
sākt mācīties
fragrant
Nero used fragrant oils to deodorise his feet.
kamieniołom
sākt mācīties
quarry
The sides of a quarry were almost perpendicular.
prostopadły
sākt mācīties
perpendicular
The sides of a quarry were almost perpendicular.
równoważyć, kompensować, początek
sākt mācīties
offset
the rewards offset risk.
przewóz, transport, opłata za przewóz
sākt mācīties
haulage
In the ancient world, the long-distance transport of goods by sea was generally faster and more convenient than land haulage.
satyra, pamflet paszkwil
sākt mācīties
lampoon
Petronius lampoons the lavish lifestyle of successful Roman businessmen.
objuczony, obładowany,
sākt mācīties
laden
a heavily laden camel
wspaniały, znamienity
sākt mācīties
illustrious
a most illustrious man
latarnia, lampion
sākt mācīties
lantern
Ships carried bright lanterns on the stern.
ster pionowy
Ten co jest pod wodą a nie kolo
sākt mācīties
rudder
Helmsman could pivot the rudders.
budowniczy statków
sākt mācīties
shipwright
wyżej wymieniony
sākt mācīties
aforementioned
You may seize and control the aforementioned security.
obserwacja, obserwator, punkt obserwacyjny
na "l"
sākt mācīties
lookout
The list includes guards, sailors, craftsmen shipbuilders' servants, helmsmen and ships' lookouts.
sternik
Jest niewielka szansa, że sternik złapie chorobę morską.
sākt mācīties
helmsman
The helmsman is not very likely to get seasick.
wygórowany, niebotyczny, zdzierczy
sākt mācīties
extortionate
The Egyptian economy had been exhausted by extortionate taxes.
przebaczyć, darować, przelewać
sākt mācīties
to remit
Augustus went even further and remitted the tributes that he had imposed.
bezczelny, zuchwały, tupeciarski
sākt mācīties
insolent
By Roman standards, these displays were judged to be insolent.
głaz, skała
sākt mācīties
boulder
the large boulders found on its shores
przerwa wakacyjna, wneka, przerwa w obradach parlamentu
sākt mācīties
recess
Parliament is recess until Thursday
sznur, przywiazywac sznurem
sākt mācīties
cord
Instead, they are bound together with a type of cording.
upominać, karcić
sākt mācīties
to rebuke
Antigonus rebuked him for not taking more aggressive action against the Nabataeans.
dzicz, puszcza, odludzie
sākt mācīties
wilderness
Greek strategists reported that the Arabs "possessed the wilderness as their inaccessible refuge"
przekazywać, transportować
na "c"
sākt mācīties
to convey
Consequently, the trafficking of incense generated wealth for those who conveyed the substance from the producer to the consumer.
mediator, faza pośrednia
sākt mācīties
intermediary
We used an intermediary system to talk between various devices
oklaskiwać, darzyć uznaniem, pochwalić
sākt mācīties
to acclaim
If so, then modern society will be able to experience an archaic essence acclaimed for its soothing medical benefits.
kadź
sākt mācīties
vat
They have found the remains of workshops with soaking pools, holding vats and heavy cylindrical stones used to pound the essence from offcut branches.
rozegrane bitwy
sākt mācīties
pitched battles
But the Romans protected the groves and there were pitched battles fought in defence of a shrub.
zagajnik, lasek, kepa drzew
sākt mācīties
grove
In this unique environment, balsam thrived in specially managed artificial groves.
nozdrze
sākt mācīties
nostril
The scent of various perfumes offered so that even the nostrils are not idle.
nieprzejrzysty, ciemny, niejasny
sākt mācīties
opaque
It was better to store them in opaque containers.
żreć, pożerać, wąwóz
sākt mācīties
gorge
Roman matrons who gorged themselves on exotic foods.
wrzód
sākt mācīties
an ulcer
Skin ulcers were also treated with special pastes.
maść, balsam
na "s"
sākt mācīties
salve
Salves were prepared using resins.
umorusany
sākt mācīties
grimy
In Hong Kong, the management suite moved from the tony Central district to a grimy industrial estate.
namaszczać
sākt mācīties
anoint
Soldiers ceremonially anointed their regimental battle-standards with special libations to invoke divine approval and protection in battle.
przeciwbólowy
sākt mācīties
analgesic
Myrrh in particular had proven analgesic properties.
aromatyczny, wonny
sākt mācīties
redolent
Why weren't my flames redolent of nard?
zapach, aromat, perfumy, woń
na "f"
sākt mācīties
fragrance
If you decrease your property, your heir will put your ashes into the un without any fragrance.
przymierze
sākt mācīties
covenant
Ark of the Covenant
wgłebienie, jama, ubytek tkanki zeba
sākt mācīties
cavity
It consisted of filling the empty space of cavities with hydrogen atoms and drawing the surface contour of the H atoms.
jelitowy
sākt mācīties
intestinal
The intestinal cavity of a slaughtered ox would be filled with bread.
jelita
sākt mācīties
intestines
It is also effective for hemorrhage of the lungs, stomach and intestines or topically for wound healing.
balsamowanie zwłok
sākt mācīties
embalming
Egyptian papyri texts depict servants carrying pots of incense to embalming ceremonies.
krwotok
Ciężki krwotok na morzu jest trudnym problemem.
sākt mācīties
haemorrhage
Severe hemorrhage at sea is a challenging problem.
jałowy, suchy, nieinteresujacy
na "a"
sākt mācīties
arid
Comiphora trees favour more arid conditions.
oczarowanie, zaczarowanie
na "b"
sākt mācīties
bewitchment
Your businessmen are the most powerful in the entire earth and with your bewitchments, you have deceived all the nations.
zszywka, klarmra, podstawowy, główny
sākt mācīties
staple
their basic staple foods
zarządzać, nadawać moc prawna,
sākt mācīties
enact
And at the same time, several German states have already enacted the proposed French style bans on student attire
ściegno, siła
sākt mācīties
sinew
Money is the sinews of war.
wywołać, powodować
sākt mācīties
engender
By minimalizing its civilian bureaucracy, the Empire also reduced the potential for the corruption and tax abused that these organisations could engender.
działalność wywrotowa, rokosz, bunt
sākt mācīties
sedition
They will always be a source of sedition and civil wars.
oczerniać, umniejszać wartość
na "d"
sākt mācīties
denigrate
He was ashamed to seem as denigrating the glory of Claudius.
szkodliwy, krzywdzący, ujemny
na "d"
sākt mācīties
detrimental
The Romans lose money on some of their subject nations, but they are ashamed to set them aside, even though they are detrimental.
podporządkowanie sie, uleganie, spelnienie, zgodnosc
sākt mācīties
compliance
A small token amount of surplus wealth was forwarded to Rome as a symbolic act of compliance.
gromadzic, zbierac, zwolac powolywac przed sad
sākt mācīties
convene
Octavian, therefore, convened a conference with his closest advisors to debate the future of the Roman State.
odszkodowanie, kompensata
sākt mācīties
indemnity
As Rome expanded, it raised revenue by imposing war indemnities on the defeated foreign powers.
małzonek (wladcy), towarzysz, wspołpracownik, zespól wykonywujacy muzyke dawna
sākt mācīties
consort
Egyptian Queen Cleopatra and her consort Mark Antony
tym samym, przez to, skutkiem tego
sākt mācīties
thereby
The amount of work that can be is thereby increased.
przykazanie, regula/ nauka moralna, zasada, nakaz
sākt mācīties
precept
It focuses on ancient evidence without the influence of modern precepts, ideology, or theory-based economy models.
wydatki, naklady, rozchod
sākt mācīties
expenditure
The rationibus kept income accounts and had to track expenditure.
nadmierny, zbyteczny
sākt mācīties
superfluous
Pliny was critical of all expensive perfumes, arguing that 'They are the most superfluous of all forms of luxury'
smród, fetor, posmak
sākt mācīties
stench
Incense separated these special places from the unpleasant pervasive stench of the filth-polluted ancient towns.
haniebny, oburzajacy
sākt mācīties
ignominious
Cornelius Gallus suffered an ignominious death at his own hands.
kopcić, dymić, śmierdzieć
sākt mācīties
to reek
reeking of food waste
nieelastyczny, niepodatny, nieugiety, sztywny, ścisły
sākt mācīties
rigid
The dear deceased who is thicky-coated with perfumed balm is placed on a tall bier with his rigid heels extending towards the door.
latarnia morska, znak drogowy, oswietlac, nadawać sygnal
sākt mācīties
beacon
There was a citadel at the summit of the cliff containing a temple structure that probably operated as a beacon for incoming ships.
zastawa stołowa
sākt mācīties
tableware
Indian pottery has been found at Myos Hormos including fragments of fine tableware and ordinary cooking pots.
przygnebiajacy, ponury, smetny
sākt mācīties
bleak
But he was stuck, following her eyes as the smile left her face and she looked into the distance with a bleak expression.
zweglony, nadpalony
sākt mācīties
charred
The charred remains of human bone and ivory fragments were interred in the same receptacle for burial.
zapisywać w spadku
sākt mācīties
bequeath
He bequeathed his personal library.
czcić, okazywac szacunek
sākt mācīties
venerate
Upper-class Romans venerated their ancestors.
granice, kres, terytorium
sākt mācīties
confines
On the return journey, the live elephants proved to be a difficult and dangerous cargo in the confines of a ship.
udobruchac, zalagodzic, uspokoic, przeblagac
sākt mācīties
placate
Ovid describes how cornmeal and glittering grains od pure salt were once the means for men to placate the gods.
plodny, plenny, bujny
sākt mācīties
prolific
Aelian confirms that our authorities report that India is rich in pants and remarkably prolific in the medician substances.
srodowisko, otoczenie, osoby towarzyszace, swita, orszak
sākt mācīties
entourage
Pan was part of the entourage of the Greek god Dionysus.
katastrofa, plaga, nieszczescie, kleska, niedola
sākt mācīties
calamity
This calamity was to be witnessed by foreign kings.

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