Validity Tester

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jautājums American English atbilde American English
What is the first step of the validity tester?
What if you don't know which sentence is what you're looking for?
If it's hailing outside, then it is cloudy. It is cloudy. So it is hailing.
sākt mācīties
Identify the conclusion.
The claim that's supported by all the others is the conclusion. Typically, they follows indicator words. They're usually at the beginning or end of a paragraph as it's natural to (make a bold claims & defend it) v (build support until reaching the claim).
"It is hailing." (The "So" is a good indicator.)
What is the second step of the validity tester?
If it's hailing outside, then it is cloudy. It is cloudy. So it is hailing.
sākt mācīties
Identify the premises.
"If it is hailing outside, then it is cloudy." & "It is cloudy."
What is the third step of the validity tester?
How do you determine validity from this step?
sākt mācīties
Ask yourself: If all of the premises were true, could the conclusion possibly be false?
If the answer is, "Yes: the conclusion could be false, even if all the premises were true," then the argument is invalid. If the answer is, "No: if the premises were true, then the conclusion would have to be true," then the argument is valid.
What is the fourth step of the validity tester?
What are some tips for this final step? How does this help determine validity?
If it's hailing outside, then it is cloudy. It is cloudy. So it is hailing.
sākt mācīties
If you're unsure after asking yourself the question in Step 3, then try to think of a case (real or imagined) where the premises could be true and the conclusion false
Think hard (take some time and really focus). If you can think of a case where the conclusion could be false even assuming all the premises were true, then mark the argument as invalid. If you can't think of a case, then mark the argument as valid.
It could be cloudy outside without any precipitation falling. Since I can think of a case where the conclusion could be false even assuming all the premises were true, I know this argument is invalid.

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